Light, Water, Hydrogen
The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis
Herausgegeben: GRIMES, CRAIG; VARGHESE, OOMMAN; Ranjan, Sudhir
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This book covers the field of solar production of hydrogen by water photo-splitting (photoelectrolysis) using semiconductor photoanodes. The emphasis of the discussion is on the use of nanotechnology in the field. The theories behind photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical processes responsible for hydrogen production, a state-of-the-art review of the semiconductor materials especially nanostructures of both oxides and non-oxides employed as photoanodes and methods used for improving the efficiency of the processes are given in detail. The book also gives an account of the techniques used for making the nanostructures. It begins with a discussion on hydrogen as an energy carrier, a historical background on hydrogen extraction from water, and various methods employed for hydrogen extraction. Strategies are suggested for developing future nanostructured materials to achieve high efficiency, photochemically stable photoanodes optimized for the visible portion of the solar spectrum.
In addition to domestic animals the earliest records of mankind indicate that slavery, until the use of coal became widespread, has always been a significant aspect, or part, of nearly every society. Consider for example ancient Attica (Greece), in which 115,000 out of a total population of 315,000 were slaves [1]. For the lucky rulers slaves represented power, Joule/second or Watt. On a steady state basis a healthy adult generates about 100 Watts, or 100 J/s, while a highly conditioned endurance athlete can generate about 300 W for perhaps an hour. Today we obtain our energy from fossil fuels, that magical brew of latent-heat chemistry that allows us to run the world without having to rely on people or domestic animal power. We owe much if not all of modern civilization to fossil fuels, no more than stored solar energy, which provide the 40-plus Terawatts that annually powers the ? 7,000,000,000 people on this planet, with our fossil fuel burn rate growing to accommodate the annual increase of some additional 100,000,000 or so souls. The foundation of modern society is a pile (lake) of priceless, irreplaceable fossil fuel that, by any measure of the energy you get and what you pay, is all intents free, and being virtually free we have and continue to burn our way through it as fast as we possibly can. It is the tragedy of the (fossil fuel) commons.
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