Literary History - Kergroach, William
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The literature of antiquity emerged in a context where the first civilizations developed writing systems to meet administrative, religious, and cultural needs. This period marks a pivotal transition from oral traditions to written records, allowing foundational stories to be preserved for future generations. * The Birth of Writing: Writing systems such as cuneiform, developed by the Sumerians around 3400 BCE, and Egyptian hieroglyphs were initially created for practical purposes like economic management but quickly evolved to record mythological and religious narratives. Key examples include…mehr

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The literature of antiquity emerged in a context where the first civilizations developed writing systems to meet administrative, religious, and cultural needs. This period marks a pivotal transition from oral traditions to written records, allowing foundational stories to be preserved for future generations. * The Birth of Writing: Writing systems such as cuneiform, developed by the Sumerians around 3400 BCE, and Egyptian hieroglyphs were initially created for practical purposes like economic management but quickly evolved to record mythological and religious narratives. Key examples include The Epic of Gilgamesh in Mesopotamia and Egypt's Book of the Dead. * Major Literary Civilizations: In Greece, oral traditions flourished before being committed to writing, thanks to figures like Homer. Philosophical thought emerged with Plato and Aristotle, shaping the intellectual foundation of Western literature. In Rome, authors such as Virgil and Ovid adapted Greek literary models, blending them with Roman ideals like civic duty and imperial grandeur. Major Works and Themes 1. Epic Poetry: o The Epic of Gilgamesh: This Mesopotamian epic explores themes of friendship, mortality, and the quest for immortality. It is regarded as the earliest surviving literary masterpiece. o Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: Central to Greek literature, these epics recount heroic exploits and the journey of Odysseus, blending themes of honor, war, and the longing for home. o Virgil's Aeneid: A Roman counterpart to Homer's works, this epic traces the journey of Aeneas, a Trojan hero destined to found the Roman lineage, emphasizing duty and divine will. 2. Philosophy and Drama: o Plato's Dialogues: Philosophical texts exploring justice, the soul, and ideal governance, often in the form of Socratic discussions. o Tragedies by Sophocles and Euripides: These plays delve into human suffering and moral dilemmas, with Oedipus Rex and Medea standing as enduring examples of Greek tragedy. 3. Mythology and Lyric Poetry: o Hesiod's Theogony: A genealogical account of the Greek gods, it explores the origins of the cosmos and divine order. o Sappho: Renowned for her lyric poetry, Sappho captures the intimacy of love and personal emotions. o Ovid's Metamorphoses: This Roman poetic masterpiece recounts a series of mythological transformations, weaving a narrative that spans from the creation of the world to Julius Caesar's apotheosis. Literary Characteristics 1. Orality and Written Transmission: Many ancient texts were composed for oral performance and only later transcribed. This dual origin is evident in their repetitive structures and rhythmic styles, designed to aid memorization and recitation. 2. Foundational Myths and the Quest for Immortality: Ancient literature often centers on myths explaining the origins of the world, humanity, and divine order. The quest for immortality, as seen in The Epic of Gilgamesh or the heroic feats of Achilles in the Iliad, reflects humanity's timeless struggle to transcend mortality. Conclusion The literature of antiquity laid the groundwork for subsequent literary traditions. It addressed universal themes such as mortality, identity, and the divine, and it introduced forms and genres that continue to influence storytelling today. By preserving these works, humanity retains a vital link to the beliefs, values, and artistic expressions of the ancient world.
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