Living Well With HIV - Nicholas
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An estimated.two-thirds of the 36.7 million people infected with.the Human immunodeficiency.virus (HIV), resideon the African.continent 1. Once infection.has occurred, HIV destroys.the hosts CD4+ immune.cells, leading toacquired.immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 2. .HIV/AIDS is wide.spread throughout.Sub-Saharan Africa andexacerbates various.socioeconomic issues 3. South Africa has.some of the highest prevalence.of HIV/AIDS.in theworld, with an.estimated 7 million people.living with HIV 4. .An estimated 115 000.HIV-related deaths occurred inSouth Africa in 2018, .emphasizing the.need for HIV…mehr

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Produktbeschreibung
An estimated.two-thirds of the 36.7 million people infected with.the Human immunodeficiency.virus (HIV), resideon the African.continent 1. Once infection.has occurred, HIV destroys.the hosts CD4+ immune.cells, leading toacquired.immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 2. .HIV/AIDS is wide.spread throughout.Sub-Saharan Africa andexacerbates various.socioeconomic issues 3. South Africa has.some of the highest prevalence.of HIV/AIDS.in theworld, with an.estimated 7 million people.living with HIV 4. .An estimated 115 000.HIV-related deaths occurred inSouth Africa in 2018, .emphasizing the.need for HIV research.in Sub-Saharan.countries 4.The HIV-1 virus.consists of two copies.of non-covalently.linked, positive.sense, single-stranded.RNA molecules 5.This is enclosed.by a p24 viral.protein.conical capsid, situated.within a.viral envelope. .The viral envelope isderived from the.host cell membrane and.contains viral.glycoproteins; such.as gp120.and gp41, which.areimbedded.in the viral.envelope 2,6,7. .Once HIV-1 exposure.occurs, .the virus migrates.to CD4+ immune.cells. Thisoccurs.due to the.affinity of the HIV-1 viral.envelope.gp120/gp41 complex.for CD4 antigen.receptors on thesurface of host.CD4+ immune cells 2,6. Once.the gp120 subunit.of the viral envelope.interacts with a CD.antigenreceptor, co-receptor binding.takes place 2,7. The co-receptor.binding results in conformation.changes in the HIV-1 envelope, .leading to the exposure.of the gp41 hydrophobic.domain, allowing.fusion of the.envelope with.thecellular.membrane and the.subsequent delivery.of the viral core.into the cytoplasm 2. The.uncoating of the.viralcore exposes.Reverse transcriptase, a HIV.enzyme, to deoxynucleotide.triphosphates (dNTP's), resulting inreverse transcription.and proviral DNA synthesis 2. After reverse.transcription is completed, .the formation.of acomplex, consisting of.viral and cellular components is.formed, known as the viral pre-integration.complex. This istransported to the.cell's nucleus where the.HIV-1 enzyme, Integrase, catalyses.the integration of the viral.genomewith the human.DNA 2,7. This maintains the.viral DNA.in the infected host cell and allows.transcription, thus thecell can express viral.mRNA and viral RNA. Once.transcription is initiated, the necessary viral.constituents moveto the inside of the plasma.membrane and assemble to form an.immature HIV-1 virus 2. The newly.formedimmature virus buds.off from the cell and releases.protease to break down large.HIV-1 protein chains. .Thesebroken down HIV protein.chains, combine to form.a mature HIV-1 virus 2.The viral life.cycle, discussed above (shown in Figure 1.1), can be.subdivided into seven.distinct stages, namelybinding; fusion; reverse.transcription; integration; replication; .virus assembly/production; and.budding. The HIV-1lifecyclexpresents various.potential opportunities for.therapeutic intervention.and six distinctclasses ofantiretrovirals (ARVs) havexbeen developed 2.
Autorenporträt
Embarking on Emotion: The Evocative Opening Act of 'Tears of the Heart'" invites readers into a world brimming with raw emotion and gripping drama. Set against a backdrop of intricate characters and poignant themes, this book promises an immersive experience that resonates deeply with the human spirit. From the moment the curtains rise, readers are drawn into a rich tapestry of storytelling, where every scene unfolds with precision and purpose. The opening act serves as a gateway to a realm where laughter and sorrow intertwine, inviting readers on a journey through the highs and lows of the human experience. At its core, "Embarking on Emotion" is a testament to the power of storytelling to evoke profound emotions and forge connections between readers and characters. Each page is infused with a palpable sense of tension and anticipation, keeping readers on the edge of their seats as they eagerly await the next twist and turn in the narrative. Through skillful prose and vivid imagery, the author masterfully crafts a world that feels both familiar and enchanting, drawing readers deeper into the lives of the characters with each passing chapter. As the story unfolds, readers find themselves emotionally invested in the fates of the characters, experiencing their triumphs and tribulations as if they were their own. Ultimately, "Embarking on Emotion" is more than just a book¿it's an immersive journey that leaves a lasting impression on the hearts and minds of its readers. With its evocative storytelling and unforgettable characters, this book is sure to captivate audiences and leave them yearning for more.