Lmf Lexical Markup Framework

Herausgegeben von Francopoulo, Gil

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

The community responsible for developing lexicons for NaturalLanguage Processing (NLP) and Machine Readable Dictionaries (MRDs)started their ISO standardization activities in 2003. Theseactivities resulted in the ISO standard - Lexical MarkupFramework (LMF).
After selecting and defining a common terminology, the LMF team hadto identify the common notions shared by all lexicons in order tospecify a common skeleton (called the core model) and understandthe various requirements coming from different groups ofusers.
The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the creation anduse of lexical resources, to manage the exchange of data betweenand among these resources, and to enable the merging of a largenumber of individual electronic resources to form extensive globalelectronic resources.
The various types of individual instantiations of LMF can includemonolingual, bilingual or multilingual lexical resources. The samespecifications can be used for small and large lexicons, bothsimple and complex, as well as for both written and spoken lexicalrepresentations. The descriptions range from morphology, syntax andcomputational semantics to computer-assisted translation. Thelanguages covered are not restricted to European languages, butapply to all natural languages.
The LMF specification is now a success and numerous lexiconmanagers currently use LMF in different languages andcontexts.
This book starts with the historical context of LMF, beforeproviding an overview of the LMF model and the Data CategoryRegistry, which provides a flexible means for applying constantslike /grammatical gender/ in a variety of different settings. Itthen presents concrete applications and experiments on real data,which are important for developers who want to learn about the useof LMF.

Contents

1. LMF - Historical Context and Perspectives, NicolettaCalzolari, Monica Monachini and Claudia Soria.
2. Model Description, Gil Francopoulo and Monte George.
3. LMF and the Data Category Registry: Principles and Application,Menzo Windhouwer and Sue Ellen Wright.
4. Wordnet-LMF: A Standard Representation for MultilingualWordnets, Piek Vossen, Claudia Soria and Monica Monachini.
5. Prolmf: A Multilingual Dictionary of Proper Names and theirRelations, Denis Maurel, Béatrice Bouchou-Markhoff.
6. LMF for Arabic, Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Kais Haddar andAbdelmajid Ben Hamadou.
7. LMF for a Selection of African Languages, Chantal Enguehard andMathieu Mangeot.
8. LMF and its Implementation in Some Asian Languages, TakenobuTokunaga, Sophia Y.M. Lee, Virach Sornlertlamvanich, KiyoakiShirai, Shu-Kai Hsieh and Chu-Ren Huang.
9. DUELME: Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions, JanOdijk.
10. UBY-LMF - Exploring the Boundaries ofLanguage-Independent Lexicon Models, Judith Eckle-Kohler, IrynaGurevych, Silvana Hartmann, Michael Matuschek and Christian M.Meyer.
11. Conversion of Lexicon-Grammar Tables to LMF: Application toFrench, Éric Laporte, Elsa Tolone and Matthieu Constant.
12. Collaborative Tools: From Wiktionary to LMF, for Synchronic andDiachronic Language Data, Thierry Declerck, Pirsoka Lendvai andKarlheinz Mörth.
13. LMF Experiments on Format Conversions for Resource Merging:Converters and Problems, Marta Villegas, Muntsa Padró; andNú;ria Bel.
14. LMF as a Foundation for Servicized Lexical Resources, YoshihikoHayashi, Monica Monachini, Bora Savas, Claudia Soria and NicolettaCalzolari.
15. Creating a Serialization of LMF: The Experience of the RELISHProject, Menzo Windhouwer, Justin Petro, Irina Nevskaya, SebastianDrude, Helen Aristar-Dry and Jost Gippert.
16. Global Atlas: Proper Nouns, From Wikipedia to LMF, GilFrancopoulo, Frédéric Marcoul, David Causse andGrégory Piparo.
17. LMF in U.S. Government Language Resource Management, MonteGeorge.

About the Authors

Produktdetails

• ISTE
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 282
• Erscheinungstermin: 8. April 2013
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 20mm
• Gewicht: 872g
• ISBN-13: 9781848214309
• ISBN-10: 1848214308
• Artikelnr.: 36732072

Autorenporträt

Gil Francopoulo works for Tagmatica (www.tagmatica.com), a company specializing in software development in the field of linguistics and documentation in the semantic web, in Paris, France, as well as for Spotter (www.spotter.com), a company specializing in eReputation computation and text mining.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii Chapter 1. LMF - Historical Context and Perspectives 1
Nicoletta CALZOLARI, Monica MONACHINI and Claudia SORIA 1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The context 2 1.3. The foundations: the Grosseto Workshop and the
"X-Lex" projects 4 1.4. EAGLES and ISLE . 5 1.5. Setting up methodologies
and principles for standards 6 1.6. EAGLES/ISLE legacy 10 1.7.
Interoperability: the keystone of the field 14 1.8. Bibliography 15 Chapter
2. Model Description 19 Gil FRANCOPOULO and Monte GEORGE 2.1. Objectives 19
2.2. The ISO specification 19 2.3. Means of description 20 2.4. Core model
21 2.5. Core model and extension packages 22 2.6. Morphology extension 23
2.7. Machine-Readable Dictionary extension 26 2.8. NLP syntax extension 27
2.9. NLP semantic extension 29 2.10. Multilingual notation extension 31
2.11. NLP morphological pattern extension 33 2.12. NLP multiword expression
pattern extension 36 2.13. Constraint expression extension 38 2.14.
Conclusion 39 2.15. Bibliography 40 Chapter 3. LMF and the Data Category
Registry: Principles and Application 41 Menzo WINDHOUWER and Sue Ellen
WRIGHT 3.1. Introduction 41 3.2. Data category specifications 42 3.3. The
ISOcat Data Category Registry 44 3.3.1. A web user interface 44 3.4. LMF
and data categories 45 3.5. Conclusions and future work 49 3.6.
Bibliography 49 Chapter 4. Wordnet-LMF: A Standard Representation for
Multilingual Wordnets 51 Piek VOSSEN, Claudia SORIA and Monica MONACHINI
4.1. Introduction 51 4.2. The KYOTO project 52 4.3. LMF and Wordnet
representation 54 4.4. Wordnet-LMF 56 4.5. Conclusions 62 4.6. Bibliography
65 Chapter 5. Prolmf: A Multilingual Dictionary of Proper Names and their
Relations 67 Denis MAUREL, Béatrice BOUCHOU-MARKHOFF 5.1. Motivation 67
5.2. Prolmf basis 69 5.3. More on lexica and relations in Prolmf 73 5.4.
Conclusion 77 5.5. Bibliography 79 5.6. Appendix 80 Chapter 6. LMF for
Arabic 83 Aida KHEMAKHEM, Bilel GARGOURI, Kais HADDAR and Abdelmajid BEN
HAMADOU 6.1. Introduction 83 6.2. Modeling of the basic properties 85 6.3.
Modeling of the morphologic extension 86 6.4. Modeling of the morphologic
pattern extension 88 6.5. Modeling of the syntactic extension 90 6.6.
Modeling of the semantic extension 92 6.7. Arabic LMF applications 94 6.8.
Implementation 95 6.9. Conclusion 96 6.10. Bibliography 96 Chapter 7. LMF
for a Selection of African Languages 99 Chantal ENGUEHARD and Mathieu
MANGEOT 7.1. Introduction 99 7.2. Less-resourced languages 99 7.3. From
published dictionaries to LMF 102 7.4. Illustrations 104 7.5. Difficulties
and proposals 113 7.6. Conclusion 117 7.7. Acknowledgments 117 7.8.
Bibliography 117 Chapter 8. LMF and its Implementation in Some Asian
Languages 119 Takenobu TOKUNAGA, Sophia Y.M. LEE, Virach
SORNLERTLAMVANICH,Kiyoaki SHIRAI, Shu-Kai HSIEH and Chu-Ren HUANG 8.1.
Introduction 119 8.2. Lexical specification and data categories 120 8.3.
Upper-layer ontology 125 8.4. Evaluation platform 126 8.5. Discussion 128
8.6. Conclusion 129 8.7. Acknowledgments 130 8.8. Bibliography 131 Chapter
9. DUELME: Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions 133 Jan ODIJK
9.1. Introduction 133 9.2. DUELME 134 9.3. LMF 135 9.4. The DUELME class
model 135 9.5. Comparison with the LMF Core Package 137 9.6. Comparison
with the LMF NLP multiword expression patterns extension 139 9.7.
Conclusions 142 9.8. Acknowledgments 143 9.9. Bibliography 143 Chapter 10.
UBY-LMF - Exploring the Boundaries of Language-Independent Lexicon Models
145 Judith ECKLE-KOHLER, Iryna GUREVYCH, Silvana HARTMANN, Michael
MATUSCHEK and Christian M. MEYER 10.1. Introduction 145 10.2. Architecture
of UBY-LMF 147 10.3. Language independence of UBY-LMF 148 10.4. FrameNet in
UBY-LMF 151 10.5. Conclusion 153 10.6. Acknowledgments 154 10.7.
Bibliography 154 Chapter 11. Conversion of Lexicon-Grammar Tables to LMF:
Application to French 157 Éric LAPORTE, Elsa TOLONE and Matthieu CONSTANT
11.1. Motivation 157 11.2. The Lexicon-Grammar 157 11.3. Lexical entries
160 11.4. Subcategorization frames 163 11.5. Results 170 11.6. Conclusion
171 11.7. Bibliography 172 Chapter 12. Collaborative Tools: From Wiktionary
to LMF, for Synchronic and Diachronic Language Data 175 Thierry DECLERCK,
Pirsoka LENDVAI and Karlheinz MÖRTH 12.1. Introduction 175 12.2. Wiktionary
175 12.3. Related work 177 12.4. Additional challenges: how to encode the
diversity of Wiktionary lexicon in LMF? 179 12.5. Conclusion 183 12.6.
Bibliography 184 Chapter 13. LMF Experiments on Format Conversions for
Resource Merging: Converters and Problems 187 Marta VILLEGAS, Muntsa PADRÓ
and Núria BEL 13.1. Introduction 187 13.2. Automatic merging of resources
188 13.3. Moving from PAROLE Genelex to LMF 191 13.4. Conclusion 197 13.5.
Availability of resources 198 13.6. Bibliography 198 Chapter 14. LMF as a
Foundation for Servicized Lexical Resources 201 Yoshihiko HAYASHI, Monica
MONACHINI, Bora SAVAS, Claudia SORIA and Nicoletta CALZOLARI 14.1.
Introduction 201 14.2. Lexical resources as lexical Web services 201 14.3.
LMF-aware Web services in the RESTful style 202 14.4. Implementation
showcases 203 14.5. Summary 212 14.6. Bibliography 212 Chapter 15. Creating
a Serialization of LMF: The Experience of the RELISH Project 215 Menzo
WINDHOUWER, Justin PETRO, Irina NEVSKAYA, Sebastian DRUDE, Helen
ARISTAR-DRY and Jost GIPPERT 15.1. Introduction . . 215 15.2. Overview of
the RELISH interchange format 216 15.3. Mapping of equivalent elements 217
15.4. Complex mappings 219 15.5. Harmonization of linguistic concepts 223
15.6. Conclusions and future work 224 15.7. Bibliography 225 Chapter 16.
Global Atlas: Proper Nouns, From Wikipedia to LMF 227 Gil FRANCOPOULO,
Frédéric MARCOUL, David CAUSSE and Grégory PIPARO 16.1. Motivation 227
16.2. Preparing recognition 227 16.3. Context of usage 230 16.4. Ontology
of types 231 16.5. Main source: Wikipedia 232 16.6. Extraction 233 16.7.
Auxiliary machine learning 234 16.8. LMF structures 234 16.9. Example 235
16.10. Results 237 16.11. Current limitations and planned improvements 237
16.12. LMF limitations 238 16.13. Related work 238 16.14. Conclusion 239
16.15. Bibliography 239 Chapter 17. LMF in U.S. Government Language
Resource Management 243 Monte GEORGE 17.1. Introduction 243 17.2. Wordscape
overview 244 17.3. The goal 245 17.4. The importance of data standards 245
17.5. Language base exchange 246 17.6. Managing multilingual
representations 249 17.7. Managing grammatical information 251 17.8.
Grammatical information, an MRD example 255 17.9. Managing LBX schema and
document instances 258 17.10. Data exchange using LBX 259 17.11. Summary
260 List of Authors 263 Index 267