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A low-cost photovoltaic cell is a thin-film cell that has a price competitive with traditional (fossil fuels and nuclear power) energy sources. This includes second and third generation photovoltaic cells, that is cheaper than first generation (crystalline silicon cells, also called wafer or bulk cells).The crystalline silicon shortage has changed the photovoltaic cell economics, making thin films, which use little (1%) or no silicon, more attractive.The cost per watt will be the determining factor for success.The solar industry can potentially reduce costs 40% over the next five years as the silicon shortage ends.