Ludwik Fleck
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Ludwik Fleck (July 11, 1896 July 5, 1961) (also written as Ludwig) was a Polish medical doctor and biologist who developed in the 1930s the concept of Denkkollektiv (or thought collectives). This concept is important in philosophy of science and sociology of science in that it helps explain how scientific ideas change over time, similar to Thomas Kuhn's later notion of paradigm shift or Foucault's episteme. Fleck wrote that the development of truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal as different researchers were locked in thought collectives (or thought-styles). He felt that the…mehr

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Ludwik Fleck (July 11, 1896 July 5, 1961) (also written as Ludwig) was a Polish medical doctor and biologist who developed in the 1930s the concept of Denkkollektiv (or thought collectives). This concept is important in philosophy of science and sociology of science in that it helps explain how scientific ideas change over time, similar to Thomas Kuhn's later notion of paradigm shift or Foucault's episteme. Fleck wrote that the development of truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal as different researchers were locked in thought collectives (or thought-styles). He felt that the development of scientific insights was not unidirectional and does not consist of just accumulating new pieces of information, but also in overthrowing the old ones. This approach anticipated later developments in social constructionism, and especially the development of critical science and technology studies. Fleck was born in Lemberg L'viv (Lwow), and grew up in the cultural autonomy of Austrian province of Galicia. He graduated from the Polish Lyceum in 1914 and he enrolled at the Jan Kazimierz University of L'viv, where he received his medical degree.