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Produktbild: Making 20th Century Science

Making 20th Century Science How Theories Became Knowledge

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01.04.2015

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

01.04.2015

Abbildungen

8 illustrations

Verlag

Oxford University Press

Seitenzahl

552

Maße (L/B/H)

24/16,1/3,4 cm

Gewicht

916 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-19-997815-1

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  • Produktbild: Making 20th Century Science

    • Table of Contents

    • Illustrations

    • Preface

    • PART I THE RECEPTION AND EVALUATION OF THEORIES IN THE SCIENCES

    • Chapter I.1 Who Needs "The Scientific Method"?

    • I.1.1 The Rings of Uranus

    • I.1.2 Maxwell and Popper

    • I.1.3 What is a "Prediction"? A Mercurial Definition

    • I.1.4 Hierarchy and Demarcation

    • I.1.5 What's Wrong with Quantum Mechanics?

    • I.1.6 Was Chemistry (1865-1980) more scientific than Physics?

    • Mendeleev's Periodic Law

    • I.1.7 Scientific Chemists: Benzene and Molecular Orbitals

    • I.1.8 The Unscientific (but very successful) method of Dirac and Einstein:

    • Can We Trust Experiments to Test Theories?

    • I.1.9 Why was Bibhas De's paper rejected by Icarus?

    • I.1.10 The Plurality of Scientific Methods

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter I.2 Reception Studies by Historians of Science

    • I.2.1 What is "Reception"?

    • I.2.2 The Copernican Heliocentric System

    • I.2.3 Newton's Universal Gravity

    • I.2.4 Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

    • I.2.5 Bohr Model of the Atom

    • I.2.6 Conclusions and Generalizations

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter I.3 The Role of Prediction-Testing in the Evaluation of Theories:

    • A Controversy in the Philosophy of Science

    • I.3.1 Introduction

    • I.3.2 Novelty in the Philosophy of Science

    • I.3.3 What is a Prediction? (Revisited)

    • I.3.4 Does Novelty Make a Difference?

    • I.3.5 Evidence from case histories

    • I.3.6 Are Theorists less trustworthy than Observers?

    • I.3.7 The Fallacy of Falsifiability: Even the Supreme Court was Fooled

    • I.3.8 Conclusions

    • Persons mentioned in this chapter

    • Chapter I.4 The Rise and Fall of Social Constructionism 1975-2000

    • I.4.1 The Problem of defining "Science and Technology Studies"

    • I.4.2 The Rise of Social Constructionism

    • I.4.3 The Fall of Social Constructionism

    • I.4.4 Post Mortem

    • I.4.5 Consequences for "Science Studies"

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • PART II ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND PARTICLES

    • Chapter II.1. Mendeleev's Periodic Law

    • II.1.1 Mendeleev and the Periodic Law

    • II.1.2 Novel Predictions

    • II.1.3 Mendeleev's Predictions

    • II.1.4 Reception by Whom?

    • II.1.5 Tests of Mendeleev's Predictions

    • II.1.6 Before the Discovery of Gallium

    • II.1.7 The Impact of Gallium and Scandium

    • II.1.8 The Limited Value of Novel Predictions

    • II.1.9 Implications of the Law

    • II.1.10 Conclusions

    • Persons mentioned in this chapter

    • Chapter II.2 The Benzene Problem 1865-1930

    • II.2.1 Kekulé's Theory

    • II.2.2 The first Tests of Kekulé's Theory

    • II.2.3 Alternative Hypotheses

    • II.2.4 Reception of Benzene Theories 1866-1880

    • II.2.5 New Experiments, New Theories 1881-1900

    • II.2.6 The Failure of Aromatic Empiricism 1901-1930

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter II.3 The Light Quantum Hypothesis

    • II.3.1 Black-Body Radiation

    • II.3.2 Planck's Theory

    • II.3.3 Formulation of the Light-Quantum Hypothesis

    • II.3.4 The Wave Theory of Light

    • II.3.5 Einstein's "Heuristic Viewpoint"

    • II.3.6 What did Millikan Prove?

    • II.3.7 The Compton Effect

    • II.3.8 Reception of Neo-Newtonian Optics before 1923

    • II.3.9 The Impact of Compton's Discovery

    • II.3.10 Rupp's Fraudulent Experiments

    • II.3.11 Conclusions

    • Persons Mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter II.4 Quantum Mechanics

    • II.4.1 The Bohr Model

    • II.4.2 The Wave Nature of Matter

    • II.4.3 Schrödinger's Wave Mechanics

    • II.4.4 The Exclusion Principle, Spin, and the Electronic Structure of Atoms

    • II.4.5 Bose-Einstein Statistics

    • II.4.6 Fermi-Dirac Statistics

    • II.4.7 Initial Reception of Quantum Mechanics

    • II.4.8 The Community is Converted

    • II.4.9 Novel Predictions of Quantum Mechanics

    • II.4.10 The Helium Atom

    • II.4.11 Reasons for accepting Quantum Mechanics after 1928

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • II. 5 New Particles

    • II.5.1 Dirac's Prediction and Anderson's Discovery of the Positron

    • II.5.2 The Reception of Dirac's Theory

    • II.5.3 The Transformation of Dirac's Theory

    • II.5.4 Yukawa's Theory of Nuclear Forces

    • II.5.5 Discovery of the Muon and Reception of Yukawa's Theory

    • II.5.6 The Transformation of the Yukon

    • II.5.7 Conclusions

    • Persons Mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter II.6 Benzene and Molecular Orbitals 1931-1980

    • II.6.1 Resonance, Mesomerism, and the Mule 1931-1945

    • II.6.2 Reception of Quantum Theories of Benzene 1932-1940

    • II.6.3 Chemical Proof of Kekulé's Theory

    • II.6.4 Anti-Resonance and the Rhinoceros

    • II.6.5 The Shift to Molecular Orbitals after 1950

    • II.6.6 Aromaticity

    • II.6.7 The Revival of Predictive Chemistry

    • II.6.8 Reception of Molecular Orbital Theory by Organic Chemists

    • II.6.9 Adoption of MO in Textbooks

    • II.6.10 A 1996 Survey

    • II.6.11 Conclusions

    • Persons Mentioned in this Chapter

    • PART III SPACE AND TIME

    • Chapter III.1. Relativity

    • III.1.1 The Special Theory of Relativity

    • III.1.2 General Theory of Relativity

    • III.1.3 Empirical Predictions and Explanations

    • III.1.4 Social-Psychological Factors

    • III.1.5 Aesthetic-Mathematical Factors

    • III.1.6 Early Reception of Relativity

    • III.1.7 Do Scientists Give Extra Credit for Novelty? The Case of

    • Gravitational Light Bending

    • III.1.8 Are Theorists less Trustworthy than Observers?

    • III.1.9 Mathematical/Aesthertic Reasons for Accepting Relativity

    • III.1.10 Social-Psychological Reasons for Accepting Relativity

    • III.1.11 A Statistical Summary of Comparative Reception

    • III.1.12 Conclusions

    • Persons Mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter III.2. Big Bang Cosmology

    • III.2.1 The Expanding Universe is Proposed

    • III.2.2 The Age of the Earth

    • III.2.3 The Context for the Debate: Four "New Sciences"

    • and One Shared Memory

    • III.2.4 Cosmology Constrained by Terrestrial Time

    • III.2.5 Hubble Doubts the Expanding Universe

    • III.2.6 A Radical Solution: Steady-State Cosmology

    • III.2.7 Astronomy Blinks: Slowing the Expansion

    • III.2.8 Lemaître's Primeval Atom and Gamow's Big Bang

    • III.2.9 Arguments for Steady State Weaken

    • III.2.10 The Temperature of Space

    • III.2.11 Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background

    • III.2.12 Impact of the Discovery on Cosmologists

    • III.2.13 Credit for the Prediction

    • III.2.14 Conclusions

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • PART IV HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION

    • Chapter IV.1 Morgan's Chromosome Theory

    • IV.1.1 Introduction

    • IV.1.2 Is Biology like (Hypothetico-Deductive) Physics?

    • IV.1.3 Precursors

    • IV.1.4 Morgan's Theory

    • IV.1.5 The Problem of Universality

    • IV.1.6 Morgan's Theory in Research Journals

    • IV.1.7 Important Early Supporters

    • IV.1.8 Bateson and the Morgan Theory in Britain

    • IV.1.9 The Problem of Universality Revisited

    • IV.1.10 Books and Review Articles on Genetics, Evolution and Cytology

    • IV.1.11 Biology Textbooks

    • IV.1.12 Age Distribution of Supporters and Opponents

    • IV.1.13 Conclusions

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • Chapter IV.2 The Revival of Natural Selection 1930-1970

    • IV.2.1 Introduction

    • IV.2.2 Fisher: A new Language for Evolutionary Research

    • IV.2.3 Wright: Random Genetic Drift, A Concept Out of Control

    • IV.2.4 Haldane: A Mathematical-Philosophical Biologist Weighs in

    • IV.2.5 Early Reception of the Theory

    • IV.2.6 Dobzhansky: The Faraday of Biology?

    • IV.2.7 Evidence for Natural Selection, before 1941

    • IV.2.8 Huxley: A New Synthesis is Proclaimed

    • IV.2.9 Mayr: Systematics and the Founder Principle

    • IV.2.10 Simpson: No Straight and Narrow Path for Paleontology

    • IV.2.11 Stebbins: Plants are also Selected

    • IV.2.12 Chromosome Inversions in Drosophila

    • IV.2.13 Ford: Unlucky Blood Groups

    • IV.2.14 Resistance to Antibiotics

    • IV.2.15 Two "Great Debates": Snails and Tiger Moths

    • IV.2.16 Selection and/or Drift? The Changing Views of Dobzhansky and Wright

    • IV.2.17 The Views of other Founders and Leaders

    • IV.2.18 The Peppered Moth

    • IV.2.19 The Triumph of Natural Selection?

    • IV.2.20 Results of a Survey of Biological Publications

    • IV.2.21 Is Evolutionary Theory Scientific?

    • IV.2.22 Context and Conclusions

    • Persons mentioned in this Chapter

    • PART V CONCLUSIONS

    • Chapter V.1 Which Works Faster: Prediction or Explanation?

    • V.1.1 Comparison of Cases Presented in this Book

    • V.1.2 From Princip to Principe

    • V.1.3 Can Explanation be Better than Prediction?

    • V.1.4 Special Theory of Relativity: Explaining "Nothing"

    • V.1.5 The Old Quantum theory: Many Things are Predicted, but Few are Explained

    • V.1.6 Quantum Mechanics: Many Things are Explained, Predictions are Confirmed too late

    • V.1.7 Millikan's Walk

    • Notes for Part I

    • Notes for Part II

    • Notes for Part III

    • Notes for Part IV

    • Notes for Part V

    • Selected Bibliography: Includes works cited more than once in a chapter

    • Index