The chemical process industry is a rich target for cyber attackers who are intent on causing harm. Current risk management techniques are based on the premise that events are initiated by a single failure and the succeeding sequence of events is predictable. A cyberattack on the Safety, Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) undermines this basic assumption. Each facility should have a Cybersecurity Policy, Implementation Plan and Threat Response Plan in place. The response plan should address how to bring the process to a safe state when controls and safety systems are compromised. The…mehr
The chemical process industry is a rich target for cyber attackers who are intent on causing harm. Current risk management techniques are based on the premise that events are initiated by a single failure and the succeeding sequence of events is predictable. A cyberattack on the Safety, Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) undermines this basic assumption. Each facility should have a Cybersecurity Policy, Implementation Plan and Threat Response Plan in place. The response plan should address how to bring the process to a safe state when controls and safety systems are compromised. The emergency response plan should be updated to reflect different actions that may be appropriate in a sabotage situation. IT professionals, even those working at chemical facilities are primarily focused on the risk to business systems. This book contains guidelines for companies on how to improve their process safety performance by applying Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) concepts and techniques to the problem of cybersecurity.
The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology since 1985. The CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 100 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 30 training modules through its Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SAChE) series. CCPS is supported by the contributions and voluntary participation of more than 200 companies globally.
Inhaltsangabe
Table of Contents v
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Glossary xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
Preface xxxiii
Part 1: Introduction, Background, and History of Cybersecurity 1
1 Purpose of this Book 1
1.1 Target Audience 6
1.2 What is Cybersecurity? 6
1.3 What is Operational Technology (OT)? 10
1.4 Which industries have OT? 13
1.5 Scope 15
1.6 Organization of the Book 17
2 Types of Cyber-Attacks, Who Engages in Them and Why 19
2.1 Types of Cyber-Attacks 19
2.2 Who Commits Cybercrimes and Their Motives 26
2.3 Summary 30
3 Types of Risk Receptors / Targets 33
3.1 What is Cybersecurity Risk 35
3.2 What are Common Cybersecurity Targets? 38
3.3 Types of Cybersecurity Consequences 43
3.4 Summary 45
4 Threat Sources and Types of Attacks 47
4.1 Non-Targeted Attacks 49
4.2 Targeted Attacks 53
4.3 Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) 58
4.4 Summary 62
5 Who Could Create a Cyber Risk? Insider vs Outsider Threats 65
5.1 Insider Cybersecurity Risk 65
5.2 Outsider Cybersecurity Risk 69
5.3 Summary 71
6 Case Histories 73
6.1 Maroochy Shire 73
6.2 Stuxnet 77
6.3 German Steel Mill 81
6.4 Ukrainian Power Grid 84
6.5 NotPetya 91
6.6 Triton 95
6.7 Düsseldorf Hospital Ransomware 99
6.8 SolarWinds 101
6.9 Florida Water System 105
6.10 Colonial Pipeline Ransomware 107
6.11 Summary 110
Part 2: Integrating Cybersecurity Management into the Process Safety Framework 113
7 General Model for Understanding Cybersecurity Risk 113
7.1 Cybersecurity Lifecycle 113
7.2 Integrated Cybersecurity and Safety Lifecycle 121
7.3 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 129
7.4 Summary 138
8 Designing a Secure Industrial Automation and Control System 141
8.1 The Disconnect between IT and OT Risk Management 141
8.2 Inherently Safer vs Inherently More Secure 146
8.3 Defense-in-Depth 149
8.4 Network Segmentation 153
8.5 System Hardening 173
8.6 Security Monitoring 176
8.7 Risk Compatibility Assessment 180
8.8 Summary 182
9 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) 183
9.1 Use of Process Safety Tools to Identify and Manage Cybersecurity Risk 185
9.2 Qualitative Methods 187
9.3 Quantitative Methods 217
9.4 How to Prioritize Risk Reduction Measures? 231
