This book consists of research and review papers by leading experts and practitioners in biomedical imaging and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The topics include mathematical aspects and practical problems in current major and emerging technologies for the diagnostic and therapeutic medicine and biology research. The contributed work signifies the interdisciplinary cooperation between mathematicians and scientists from medical physics, engineering, clinical medicine and biology, that leads to mathematically-based better solutions of practical problems in biomedical imaging and IMRT. This book is also a survey of important research directions and opportunities in mathematics induced by problems in biomedical imaging and radiation planning applications.