Scheduling has been introduced as one of the modern research field since 1954. Scheduling as a decision-making process plays an important role in manufacturing systems such that an efficient and effective may lead to major improvements in performance measures of each manufacturing system. Flow shop scheduling problems are a class of scheduling problems with a workshop or group shop in which the flow control shall enable an appropriate sequencing for each job and for processing on a set of machines. Presenting applicable mathematical modeling based on real world assumptions yields reliable solutions for the problem. On the other hand, developing efficient algorithms with respect to these assumptions and objective of the problem is the key tools to present the best solutions. So, this book concentrates on presenting different applicable mode of the flow shop scheduling problem by mathematical models and metaheuristic algorithms.