In the context of the global environmental crisis, the Amazon has emerged as a symbol of a nature that is supposed to be untouched for the most part. The attention drawn to its biodiversity and natural riches will not allow it to remain unscathed by the onslaughts of big business, given the widespread discourse that the region is a great human void, to be protected by world society as a source of resources and the provision of essential environmental services. The object defined for this study consisted of investigating the human and environmental interactions necessary for the organization of indigenous economic systems in the Upper Solimões River region, with the aim of verifying their components, their dynamics and the extent to which these elements are linked to the proposition of environmental, economic and social sustainability.