Metaphysics and Epistemology
A Guided Anthology
Herausgeber: Hetherington, Stephen
Metaphysics and Epistemology
A Guided Anthology
Herausgeber: Hetherington, Stephen
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Metaphysics and Epistemology: A Guided Anthology presents a comprehensive introductory overview of key themes, thinkers, and texts in metaphysics and epistemology. * Presents a wide-ranging collection of carefully excerpted readings on metaphysics and epistemology * Blends classic and contemporary works to reveal the historical development and present directions in the fields of metaphysics and epistemology * Provides succinct, insightful commentary to introduce the essence of each selection at the beginning of chapters which also serve to inter-link the selected writings
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Metaphysics and Epistemology: A Guided Anthology presents a comprehensive introductory overview of key themes, thinkers, and texts in metaphysics and epistemology. * Presents a wide-ranging collection of carefully excerpted readings on metaphysics and epistemology * Blends classic and contemporary works to reveal the historical development and present directions in the fields of metaphysics and epistemology * Provides succinct, insightful commentary to introduce the essence of each selection at the beginning of chapters which also serve to inter-link the selected writings
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Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 480
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. September 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 244mm x 172mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 722g
- ISBN-13: 9781118542583
- ISBN-10: 1118542584
- Artikelnr.: 37183698
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 480
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. September 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 244mm x 172mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 722g
- ISBN-13: 9781118542583
- ISBN-10: 1118542584
- Artikelnr.: 37183698
Stephen Hetherington is Professor of Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, Australia. His publications include Good Knowledge, Bad Knowledge (2001), Reality? Knowledge? Philosophy! (2003), Self-Knowledge (2007), Yes, But How Do You Know? (2009), and How To Know (2011).
Source Acknowledgments x Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii
Part I The Philosophical Image 1 1 Life and the Search for Philosophical
Knowledge 3 Plato, Republic 2 Philosophical Questioning 14 Bertrand
Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 3 Philosophy and Fundamental Images 20
Wilfrid Sellars, "Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man" 4 Philosophy
as the Analyzing of Key Concepts 27 P.F. Strawson, Analysis and Metaphysics
5 Philosophy as Explaining Underlying Possibilities 33 Robert Nozick,
Philosophical Explanations Part II Metaphysics: Philosophical Images of
Being 41 How Is the World at all Physical? 43 6 How Real Are Physical
Objects? 43 Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 7 Are Physical
Objects Never Quite as They Appear To Be? 48 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 8 Are Physical Objects Really Only Objects
of Thought? 54 George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge 9 Is Even
the Mind Physical? 60 D.M. Armstrong, "The Causal Theory of the Mind" 10 Is
the Physical World All There Is? 66 Frank Jackson, "Epiphenomenal Qualia"
How Does the World Function? 74 11 Is Causation Only a Kind of Regularity?
74 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 12 Is Causation
Something Singular and Unanalyzable? 81 G.E.M. Anscombe, "Causation and
Determination" How Do Things Ever Have Qualities? 88 13 How Can Individual
Things Have Repeatable Qualities? 88 Plato, Parmenides 14 How Can
Individual Things Not Have Repeatable Qualities? 95 D.M. Armstrong,
Nominalism and Realism How Are There Any Truths? 102 15 Do Facts Make True
Whatever Is True? 102 Bertrand Russell, "The Philosophy of Logical Atomism"
16 Are There Social Facts? 107 John Searle, Mind, Language and Society 17
Is There Only Personally Decided Truth? 114 Plato, Theaetetus How Is There
a World At All? 120 18 Has the World Been Designed by God? 120 David Hume,
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 19 Is God's Existence Knowable Purely
Conceptually? 131 St. Anselm, Proslogion 20 Has This World Been Actualized
by God from Among All Possible Worlds? 145 G.W. Leibniz, Monadology 21 Does
This World Exist Because It Has Value Independently of God? 149 Nicholas
Rescher, Nature and Understanding 22 Can Something Have Value in Itself?
158 Plato, Euthyphro How Are Persons Persons? 161 23 Is Each Person a Union
of Mind and Body? 161 René Descartes, "Meditation VI" 24 Is
Self-Consciousness what Constitutes a Person? 164 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 25 How Strictly Does Self-Consciousness
Constitute a Person? 170 Roderick M. Chisholm, "Identity through Time" 26
Are Persons Constituted with Strict Identity At All? 177 Derek Parfit,
Reasons and Persons 27 Are We Animals? 187 Eric T. Olson, "An Argument for
Animalism" How Do People Ever Have Free Will and Moral Responsibility? 196
28 Is There No Possibility of Acting Differently To How One Will in Fact
Act? 196 Aristotle, De Interpretatione 29 Could Our Being Entirely Caused
Coexist with Our Acting Freely? 200 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 30 Would Being Entirely Caused Undermine Our Personally
Constitutive Emotions? 206 P.F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment" 31 Is a
Person Morally Responsible Only for Actions Performed Freely? 213 Harry G.
Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" 32 Is Moral
Responsibility for a Good Action Different to Moral Responsibility for a
Bad Action? 218 Susan Wolf, "Asymmetrical Freedom" How Could a Person Be
Harmed by Being Dead? 224 33 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by Being Dead?
224 Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus" 34 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by
Being Dead at a Particular Time? 226 Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 35 Would
Immortality Be Humanly Possible and Desirable? 229 Bernard Williams, "The
Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality" 36 Can a Person
be Deprived of Benefits by Being Dead? 236 Fred Feldman, Confrontations
with the Reaper Further Readings for Part II 240 Part III Epistemology:
Philosophical Images of Knowing 245 Can We Understand What It Is to Know?
247 37 Is Knowledge a Supported True Belief? 247 Plato, Meno 38 When Should
a Belief be Supported by Evidence? 251 W.K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief
" 39 Is Knowledge a Kind of Objective Certainty? 256 A.J. Ayer, The Problem
of Knowledge 40 Are All Fallibly Supported True Beliefs Instances of
Knowledge? 260 Edmund L. Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" 41
Must a True Belief Arise Aptly, if it is to be Knowledge? 264 Alvin I.
Goldman, "A Causal Theory of Knowing" 42 Must a True Belief Arise Reliably,
if it is to be Knowledge? 268 Alvin I. Goldman, "Discrimination and
Perceptual Knowledge" 43 Where is the Value in Knowing? 273 Catherine Z.
Elgin, "The Epistemic Efficacy of Stupidity" 44 Is Knowledge Always a
Virtuously Derived True Belief? 279 Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, Virtues of
the Mind Can We Ever Know Just through Observation? 287 45 Is All Knowledge
Ultimately Observational? 287 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 46 Is There a Problem of Not Knowing that One Is Not
Dreaming? 292 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 47 What Is It Really to be
Seeing Something? 295 David Lewis, "Veridical Hallucination and Prosthetic
Vision" 48 Is There a Possibility of Being a Mere and Unknowing Brain in a
Vat? 302 Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History 49 Is It Possible to
Observe Directly the Objective World? 311 John McDowell, "The Disjunctive
Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument" Can We
Ever Know Innately? 317 50 Is It Possible to Know Innately Some Geometrical
or Mathematical Truths? 317 Plato, Meno 51 Is There No Innate Knowledge At
All? 325 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Can We Ever
Know Just through Reflection? 335 52 Is All Knowledge Ultimately
Reflective? 335 René Descartes, Discourse on Method 53 Can Reflective
Knowledge Be Substantive and Informative? 340 Immanuel Kant, Critique of
Pure Reason 54 Is All Apparently Reflective Knowledge Ultimately
Observational? 349 John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic 55 Is Scientific
Reflection Our Best Model for Understanding Reflection? 355 C.S. Peirce,
"Some Consequences of Four Incapacities" and "How To Make Our Ideas Clear"
56 Are Some Necessities Known through Observation, Not Reflection? 363 Saul
A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity Can We Know in Other Fundamental Ways? 369
57 Is Knowing-How a Distinct Way of Knowing? 369 Gilbert Ryle, "Knowing How
and Knowing That" 58 Is Knowing One's Intention-in-Action a Distinct Way of
Knowing? 376 G.E.M. Anscombe, Intention 59 Is Knowing via What Others Say
or Write a Distinct Way of Knowing? 383 Jennifer Lackey, "Knowing from
Testimony" 60 Is Knowing through Memory a Distinct Way of Knowing? 391
Bertrand Russell, The Analysis of Mind Can We Fundamentally Fail Ever To
Know? 399 61 Are None of our Beliefs More Justifiable than Others? 399
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 62 Are None of Our Beliefs Immune
from Doubt? 407 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 63 Are We Unable Ever To
Extrapolate Justifiedly Beyond Our Observations? 410 David Hume, An Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding Can Skeptical Arguments Be Escaped? 417 64
Can We Know at Least Our Conscious Mental Lives? 417 René Descartes,
"Meditation II" 65 Can We Know Some Fundamental Principles by Common Sense?
422 Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man 66 Do We Know a
Lot, but Always Fallibly? 434 Karl R. Popper, "On the Sources of Knowledge
and of Ignorance" 67 Is It Possible to have Knowledge even when Not Knowing
that One Is Not a Brain in a Vat? 444 Robert Nozick, Philosophical
Explanations Further Readings for Part III 452
Part I The Philosophical Image 1 1 Life and the Search for Philosophical
Knowledge 3 Plato, Republic 2 Philosophical Questioning 14 Bertrand
Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 3 Philosophy and Fundamental Images 20
Wilfrid Sellars, "Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man" 4 Philosophy
as the Analyzing of Key Concepts 27 P.F. Strawson, Analysis and Metaphysics
5 Philosophy as Explaining Underlying Possibilities 33 Robert Nozick,
Philosophical Explanations Part II Metaphysics: Philosophical Images of
Being 41 How Is the World at all Physical? 43 6 How Real Are Physical
Objects? 43 Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 7 Are Physical
Objects Never Quite as They Appear To Be? 48 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 8 Are Physical Objects Really Only Objects
of Thought? 54 George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge 9 Is Even
the Mind Physical? 60 D.M. Armstrong, "The Causal Theory of the Mind" 10 Is
the Physical World All There Is? 66 Frank Jackson, "Epiphenomenal Qualia"
How Does the World Function? 74 11 Is Causation Only a Kind of Regularity?
74 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 12 Is Causation
Something Singular and Unanalyzable? 81 G.E.M. Anscombe, "Causation and
Determination" How Do Things Ever Have Qualities? 88 13 How Can Individual
Things Have Repeatable Qualities? 88 Plato, Parmenides 14 How Can
Individual Things Not Have Repeatable Qualities? 95 D.M. Armstrong,
Nominalism and Realism How Are There Any Truths? 102 15 Do Facts Make True
Whatever Is True? 102 Bertrand Russell, "The Philosophy of Logical Atomism"
16 Are There Social Facts? 107 John Searle, Mind, Language and Society 17
Is There Only Personally Decided Truth? 114 Plato, Theaetetus How Is There
a World At All? 120 18 Has the World Been Designed by God? 120 David Hume,
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 19 Is God's Existence Knowable Purely
Conceptually? 131 St. Anselm, Proslogion 20 Has This World Been Actualized
by God from Among All Possible Worlds? 145 G.W. Leibniz, Monadology 21 Does
This World Exist Because It Has Value Independently of God? 149 Nicholas
Rescher, Nature and Understanding 22 Can Something Have Value in Itself?
158 Plato, Euthyphro How Are Persons Persons? 161 23 Is Each Person a Union
of Mind and Body? 161 René Descartes, "Meditation VI" 24 Is
Self-Consciousness what Constitutes a Person? 164 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 25 How Strictly Does Self-Consciousness
Constitute a Person? 170 Roderick M. Chisholm, "Identity through Time" 26
Are Persons Constituted with Strict Identity At All? 177 Derek Parfit,
Reasons and Persons 27 Are We Animals? 187 Eric T. Olson, "An Argument for
Animalism" How Do People Ever Have Free Will and Moral Responsibility? 196
28 Is There No Possibility of Acting Differently To How One Will in Fact
Act? 196 Aristotle, De Interpretatione 29 Could Our Being Entirely Caused
Coexist with Our Acting Freely? 200 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 30 Would Being Entirely Caused Undermine Our Personally
Constitutive Emotions? 206 P.F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment" 31 Is a
Person Morally Responsible Only for Actions Performed Freely? 213 Harry G.
Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" 32 Is Moral
Responsibility for a Good Action Different to Moral Responsibility for a
Bad Action? 218 Susan Wolf, "Asymmetrical Freedom" How Could a Person Be
Harmed by Being Dead? 224 33 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by Being Dead?
224 Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus" 34 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by
Being Dead at a Particular Time? 226 Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 35 Would
Immortality Be Humanly Possible and Desirable? 229 Bernard Williams, "The
Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality" 36 Can a Person
be Deprived of Benefits by Being Dead? 236 Fred Feldman, Confrontations
with the Reaper Further Readings for Part II 240 Part III Epistemology:
Philosophical Images of Knowing 245 Can We Understand What It Is to Know?
247 37 Is Knowledge a Supported True Belief? 247 Plato, Meno 38 When Should
a Belief be Supported by Evidence? 251 W.K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief
" 39 Is Knowledge a Kind of Objective Certainty? 256 A.J. Ayer, The Problem
of Knowledge 40 Are All Fallibly Supported True Beliefs Instances of
Knowledge? 260 Edmund L. Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" 41
Must a True Belief Arise Aptly, if it is to be Knowledge? 264 Alvin I.
Goldman, "A Causal Theory of Knowing" 42 Must a True Belief Arise Reliably,
if it is to be Knowledge? 268 Alvin I. Goldman, "Discrimination and
Perceptual Knowledge" 43 Where is the Value in Knowing? 273 Catherine Z.
Elgin, "The Epistemic Efficacy of Stupidity" 44 Is Knowledge Always a
Virtuously Derived True Belief? 279 Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, Virtues of
the Mind Can We Ever Know Just through Observation? 287 45 Is All Knowledge
Ultimately Observational? 287 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 46 Is There a Problem of Not Knowing that One Is Not
Dreaming? 292 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 47 What Is It Really to be
Seeing Something? 295 David Lewis, "Veridical Hallucination and Prosthetic
Vision" 48 Is There a Possibility of Being a Mere and Unknowing Brain in a
Vat? 302 Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History 49 Is It Possible to
Observe Directly the Objective World? 311 John McDowell, "The Disjunctive
Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument" Can We
Ever Know Innately? 317 50 Is It Possible to Know Innately Some Geometrical
or Mathematical Truths? 317 Plato, Meno 51 Is There No Innate Knowledge At
All? 325 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Can We Ever
Know Just through Reflection? 335 52 Is All Knowledge Ultimately
Reflective? 335 René Descartes, Discourse on Method 53 Can Reflective
Knowledge Be Substantive and Informative? 340 Immanuel Kant, Critique of
Pure Reason 54 Is All Apparently Reflective Knowledge Ultimately
Observational? 349 John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic 55 Is Scientific
Reflection Our Best Model for Understanding Reflection? 355 C.S. Peirce,
"Some Consequences of Four Incapacities" and "How To Make Our Ideas Clear"
56 Are Some Necessities Known through Observation, Not Reflection? 363 Saul
A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity Can We Know in Other Fundamental Ways? 369
57 Is Knowing-How a Distinct Way of Knowing? 369 Gilbert Ryle, "Knowing How
and Knowing That" 58 Is Knowing One's Intention-in-Action a Distinct Way of
Knowing? 376 G.E.M. Anscombe, Intention 59 Is Knowing via What Others Say
or Write a Distinct Way of Knowing? 383 Jennifer Lackey, "Knowing from
Testimony" 60 Is Knowing through Memory a Distinct Way of Knowing? 391
Bertrand Russell, The Analysis of Mind Can We Fundamentally Fail Ever To
Know? 399 61 Are None of our Beliefs More Justifiable than Others? 399
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 62 Are None of Our Beliefs Immune
from Doubt? 407 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 63 Are We Unable Ever To
Extrapolate Justifiedly Beyond Our Observations? 410 David Hume, An Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding Can Skeptical Arguments Be Escaped? 417 64
Can We Know at Least Our Conscious Mental Lives? 417 René Descartes,
"Meditation II" 65 Can We Know Some Fundamental Principles by Common Sense?
422 Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man 66 Do We Know a
Lot, but Always Fallibly? 434 Karl R. Popper, "On the Sources of Knowledge
and of Ignorance" 67 Is It Possible to have Knowledge even when Not Knowing
that One Is Not a Brain in a Vat? 444 Robert Nozick, Philosophical
Explanations Further Readings for Part III 452
Source Acknowledgments x Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii
Part I The Philosophical Image 1 1 Life and the Search for Philosophical
Knowledge 3 Plato, Republic 2 Philosophical Questioning 14 Bertrand
Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 3 Philosophy and Fundamental Images 20
Wilfrid Sellars, "Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man" 4 Philosophy
as the Analyzing of Key Concepts 27 P.F. Strawson, Analysis and Metaphysics
5 Philosophy as Explaining Underlying Possibilities 33 Robert Nozick,
Philosophical Explanations Part II Metaphysics: Philosophical Images of
Being 41 How Is the World at all Physical? 43 6 How Real Are Physical
Objects? 43 Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 7 Are Physical
Objects Never Quite as They Appear To Be? 48 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 8 Are Physical Objects Really Only Objects
of Thought? 54 George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge 9 Is Even
the Mind Physical? 60 D.M. Armstrong, "The Causal Theory of the Mind" 10 Is
the Physical World All There Is? 66 Frank Jackson, "Epiphenomenal Qualia"
How Does the World Function? 74 11 Is Causation Only a Kind of Regularity?
74 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 12 Is Causation
Something Singular and Unanalyzable? 81 G.E.M. Anscombe, "Causation and
Determination" How Do Things Ever Have Qualities? 88 13 How Can Individual
Things Have Repeatable Qualities? 88 Plato, Parmenides 14 How Can
Individual Things Not Have Repeatable Qualities? 95 D.M. Armstrong,
Nominalism and Realism How Are There Any Truths? 102 15 Do Facts Make True
Whatever Is True? 102 Bertrand Russell, "The Philosophy of Logical Atomism"
16 Are There Social Facts? 107 John Searle, Mind, Language and Society 17
Is There Only Personally Decided Truth? 114 Plato, Theaetetus How Is There
a World At All? 120 18 Has the World Been Designed by God? 120 David Hume,
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 19 Is God's Existence Knowable Purely
Conceptually? 131 St. Anselm, Proslogion 20 Has This World Been Actualized
by God from Among All Possible Worlds? 145 G.W. Leibniz, Monadology 21 Does
This World Exist Because It Has Value Independently of God? 149 Nicholas
Rescher, Nature and Understanding 22 Can Something Have Value in Itself?
158 Plato, Euthyphro How Are Persons Persons? 161 23 Is Each Person a Union
of Mind and Body? 161 René Descartes, "Meditation VI" 24 Is
Self-Consciousness what Constitutes a Person? 164 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 25 How Strictly Does Self-Consciousness
Constitute a Person? 170 Roderick M. Chisholm, "Identity through Time" 26
Are Persons Constituted with Strict Identity At All? 177 Derek Parfit,
Reasons and Persons 27 Are We Animals? 187 Eric T. Olson, "An Argument for
Animalism" How Do People Ever Have Free Will and Moral Responsibility? 196
28 Is There No Possibility of Acting Differently To How One Will in Fact
Act? 196 Aristotle, De Interpretatione 29 Could Our Being Entirely Caused
Coexist with Our Acting Freely? 200 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 30 Would Being Entirely Caused Undermine Our Personally
Constitutive Emotions? 206 P.F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment" 31 Is a
Person Morally Responsible Only for Actions Performed Freely? 213 Harry G.
Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" 32 Is Moral
Responsibility for a Good Action Different to Moral Responsibility for a
Bad Action? 218 Susan Wolf, "Asymmetrical Freedom" How Could a Person Be
Harmed by Being Dead? 224 33 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by Being Dead?
224 Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus" 34 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by
Being Dead at a Particular Time? 226 Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 35 Would
Immortality Be Humanly Possible and Desirable? 229 Bernard Williams, "The
Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality" 36 Can a Person
be Deprived of Benefits by Being Dead? 236 Fred Feldman, Confrontations
with the Reaper Further Readings for Part II 240 Part III Epistemology:
Philosophical Images of Knowing 245 Can We Understand What It Is to Know?
247 37 Is Knowledge a Supported True Belief? 247 Plato, Meno 38 When Should
a Belief be Supported by Evidence? 251 W.K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief
" 39 Is Knowledge a Kind of Objective Certainty? 256 A.J. Ayer, The Problem
of Knowledge 40 Are All Fallibly Supported True Beliefs Instances of
Knowledge? 260 Edmund L. Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" 41
Must a True Belief Arise Aptly, if it is to be Knowledge? 264 Alvin I.
Goldman, "A Causal Theory of Knowing" 42 Must a True Belief Arise Reliably,
if it is to be Knowledge? 268 Alvin I. Goldman, "Discrimination and
Perceptual Knowledge" 43 Where is the Value in Knowing? 273 Catherine Z.
Elgin, "The Epistemic Efficacy of Stupidity" 44 Is Knowledge Always a
Virtuously Derived True Belief? 279 Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, Virtues of
the Mind Can We Ever Know Just through Observation? 287 45 Is All Knowledge
Ultimately Observational? 287 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 46 Is There a Problem of Not Knowing that One Is Not
Dreaming? 292 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 47 What Is It Really to be
Seeing Something? 295 David Lewis, "Veridical Hallucination and Prosthetic
Vision" 48 Is There a Possibility of Being a Mere and Unknowing Brain in a
Vat? 302 Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History 49 Is It Possible to
Observe Directly the Objective World? 311 John McDowell, "The Disjunctive
Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument" Can We
Ever Know Innately? 317 50 Is It Possible to Know Innately Some Geometrical
or Mathematical Truths? 317 Plato, Meno 51 Is There No Innate Knowledge At
All? 325 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Can We Ever
Know Just through Reflection? 335 52 Is All Knowledge Ultimately
Reflective? 335 René Descartes, Discourse on Method 53 Can Reflective
Knowledge Be Substantive and Informative? 340 Immanuel Kant, Critique of
Pure Reason 54 Is All Apparently Reflective Knowledge Ultimately
Observational? 349 John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic 55 Is Scientific
Reflection Our Best Model for Understanding Reflection? 355 C.S. Peirce,
"Some Consequences of Four Incapacities" and "How To Make Our Ideas Clear"
56 Are Some Necessities Known through Observation, Not Reflection? 363 Saul
A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity Can We Know in Other Fundamental Ways? 369
57 Is Knowing-How a Distinct Way of Knowing? 369 Gilbert Ryle, "Knowing How
and Knowing That" 58 Is Knowing One's Intention-in-Action a Distinct Way of
Knowing? 376 G.E.M. Anscombe, Intention 59 Is Knowing via What Others Say
or Write a Distinct Way of Knowing? 383 Jennifer Lackey, "Knowing from
Testimony" 60 Is Knowing through Memory a Distinct Way of Knowing? 391
Bertrand Russell, The Analysis of Mind Can We Fundamentally Fail Ever To
Know? 399 61 Are None of our Beliefs More Justifiable than Others? 399
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 62 Are None of Our Beliefs Immune
from Doubt? 407 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 63 Are We Unable Ever To
Extrapolate Justifiedly Beyond Our Observations? 410 David Hume, An Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding Can Skeptical Arguments Be Escaped? 417 64
Can We Know at Least Our Conscious Mental Lives? 417 René Descartes,
"Meditation II" 65 Can We Know Some Fundamental Principles by Common Sense?
422 Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man 66 Do We Know a
Lot, but Always Fallibly? 434 Karl R. Popper, "On the Sources of Knowledge
and of Ignorance" 67 Is It Possible to have Knowledge even when Not Knowing
that One Is Not a Brain in a Vat? 444 Robert Nozick, Philosophical
Explanations Further Readings for Part III 452
Part I The Philosophical Image 1 1 Life and the Search for Philosophical
Knowledge 3 Plato, Republic 2 Philosophical Questioning 14 Bertrand
Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 3 Philosophy and Fundamental Images 20
Wilfrid Sellars, "Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man" 4 Philosophy
as the Analyzing of Key Concepts 27 P.F. Strawson, Analysis and Metaphysics
5 Philosophy as Explaining Underlying Possibilities 33 Robert Nozick,
Philosophical Explanations Part II Metaphysics: Philosophical Images of
Being 41 How Is the World at all Physical? 43 6 How Real Are Physical
Objects? 43 Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 7 Are Physical
Objects Never Quite as They Appear To Be? 48 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 8 Are Physical Objects Really Only Objects
of Thought? 54 George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge 9 Is Even
the Mind Physical? 60 D.M. Armstrong, "The Causal Theory of the Mind" 10 Is
the Physical World All There Is? 66 Frank Jackson, "Epiphenomenal Qualia"
How Does the World Function? 74 11 Is Causation Only a Kind of Regularity?
74 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 12 Is Causation
Something Singular and Unanalyzable? 81 G.E.M. Anscombe, "Causation and
Determination" How Do Things Ever Have Qualities? 88 13 How Can Individual
Things Have Repeatable Qualities? 88 Plato, Parmenides 14 How Can
Individual Things Not Have Repeatable Qualities? 95 D.M. Armstrong,
Nominalism and Realism How Are There Any Truths? 102 15 Do Facts Make True
Whatever Is True? 102 Bertrand Russell, "The Philosophy of Logical Atomism"
16 Are There Social Facts? 107 John Searle, Mind, Language and Society 17
Is There Only Personally Decided Truth? 114 Plato, Theaetetus How Is There
a World At All? 120 18 Has the World Been Designed by God? 120 David Hume,
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 19 Is God's Existence Knowable Purely
Conceptually? 131 St. Anselm, Proslogion 20 Has This World Been Actualized
by God from Among All Possible Worlds? 145 G.W. Leibniz, Monadology 21 Does
This World Exist Because It Has Value Independently of God? 149 Nicholas
Rescher, Nature and Understanding 22 Can Something Have Value in Itself?
158 Plato, Euthyphro How Are Persons Persons? 161 23 Is Each Person a Union
of Mind and Body? 161 René Descartes, "Meditation VI" 24 Is
Self-Consciousness what Constitutes a Person? 164 John Locke, An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding 25 How Strictly Does Self-Consciousness
Constitute a Person? 170 Roderick M. Chisholm, "Identity through Time" 26
Are Persons Constituted with Strict Identity At All? 177 Derek Parfit,
Reasons and Persons 27 Are We Animals? 187 Eric T. Olson, "An Argument for
Animalism" How Do People Ever Have Free Will and Moral Responsibility? 196
28 Is There No Possibility of Acting Differently To How One Will in Fact
Act? 196 Aristotle, De Interpretatione 29 Could Our Being Entirely Caused
Coexist with Our Acting Freely? 200 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 30 Would Being Entirely Caused Undermine Our Personally
Constitutive Emotions? 206 P.F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment" 31 Is a
Person Morally Responsible Only for Actions Performed Freely? 213 Harry G.
Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" 32 Is Moral
Responsibility for a Good Action Different to Moral Responsibility for a
Bad Action? 218 Susan Wolf, "Asymmetrical Freedom" How Could a Person Be
Harmed by Being Dead? 224 33 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by Being Dead?
224 Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus" 34 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by
Being Dead at a Particular Time? 226 Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 35 Would
Immortality Be Humanly Possible and Desirable? 229 Bernard Williams, "The
Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality" 36 Can a Person
be Deprived of Benefits by Being Dead? 236 Fred Feldman, Confrontations
with the Reaper Further Readings for Part II 240 Part III Epistemology:
Philosophical Images of Knowing 245 Can We Understand What It Is to Know?
247 37 Is Knowledge a Supported True Belief? 247 Plato, Meno 38 When Should
a Belief be Supported by Evidence? 251 W.K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief
" 39 Is Knowledge a Kind of Objective Certainty? 256 A.J. Ayer, The Problem
of Knowledge 40 Are All Fallibly Supported True Beliefs Instances of
Knowledge? 260 Edmund L. Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" 41
Must a True Belief Arise Aptly, if it is to be Knowledge? 264 Alvin I.
Goldman, "A Causal Theory of Knowing" 42 Must a True Belief Arise Reliably,
if it is to be Knowledge? 268 Alvin I. Goldman, "Discrimination and
Perceptual Knowledge" 43 Where is the Value in Knowing? 273 Catherine Z.
Elgin, "The Epistemic Efficacy of Stupidity" 44 Is Knowledge Always a
Virtuously Derived True Belief? 279 Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, Virtues of
the Mind Can We Ever Know Just through Observation? 287 45 Is All Knowledge
Ultimately Observational? 287 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding 46 Is There a Problem of Not Knowing that One Is Not
Dreaming? 292 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 47 What Is It Really to be
Seeing Something? 295 David Lewis, "Veridical Hallucination and Prosthetic
Vision" 48 Is There a Possibility of Being a Mere and Unknowing Brain in a
Vat? 302 Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History 49 Is It Possible to
Observe Directly the Objective World? 311 John McDowell, "The Disjunctive
Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument" Can We
Ever Know Innately? 317 50 Is It Possible to Know Innately Some Geometrical
or Mathematical Truths? 317 Plato, Meno 51 Is There No Innate Knowledge At
All? 325 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Can We Ever
Know Just through Reflection? 335 52 Is All Knowledge Ultimately
Reflective? 335 René Descartes, Discourse on Method 53 Can Reflective
Knowledge Be Substantive and Informative? 340 Immanuel Kant, Critique of
Pure Reason 54 Is All Apparently Reflective Knowledge Ultimately
Observational? 349 John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic 55 Is Scientific
Reflection Our Best Model for Understanding Reflection? 355 C.S. Peirce,
"Some Consequences of Four Incapacities" and "How To Make Our Ideas Clear"
56 Are Some Necessities Known through Observation, Not Reflection? 363 Saul
A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity Can We Know in Other Fundamental Ways? 369
57 Is Knowing-How a Distinct Way of Knowing? 369 Gilbert Ryle, "Knowing How
and Knowing That" 58 Is Knowing One's Intention-in-Action a Distinct Way of
Knowing? 376 G.E.M. Anscombe, Intention 59 Is Knowing via What Others Say
or Write a Distinct Way of Knowing? 383 Jennifer Lackey, "Knowing from
Testimony" 60 Is Knowing through Memory a Distinct Way of Knowing? 391
Bertrand Russell, The Analysis of Mind Can We Fundamentally Fail Ever To
Know? 399 61 Are None of our Beliefs More Justifiable than Others? 399
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 62 Are None of Our Beliefs Immune
from Doubt? 407 René Descartes, "Meditation I" 63 Are We Unable Ever To
Extrapolate Justifiedly Beyond Our Observations? 410 David Hume, An Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding Can Skeptical Arguments Be Escaped? 417 64
Can We Know at Least Our Conscious Mental Lives? 417 René Descartes,
"Meditation II" 65 Can We Know Some Fundamental Principles by Common Sense?
422 Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man 66 Do We Know a
Lot, but Always Fallibly? 434 Karl R. Popper, "On the Sources of Knowledge
and of Ignorance" 67 Is It Possible to have Knowledge even when Not Knowing
that One Is Not a Brain in a Vat? 444 Robert Nozick, Philosophical
Explanations Further Readings for Part III 452
"This is an excellent anthology. It combines a wide range of readings on the central and lasting questions of metaphysics and epistemology. The selections are imaginative and in many cases unusual, and Stephen Hetherington introduces each reading with a lucid and lively introduction. Highly recommended!"
--Tim Crane, University of Cambridge
"This comprehensive and creatively chosen anthology provides an excellent coverage of epistemological and metaphysical topics, from both historical and contemporary perspectives. It is highly recommended."
--Duncan Pritchard, University of Edinburgh
--Tim Crane, University of Cambridge
"This comprehensive and creatively chosen anthology provides an excellent coverage of epistemological and metaphysical topics, from both historical and contemporary perspectives. It is highly recommended."
--Duncan Pritchard, University of Edinburgh