Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos
Herausgegeben von Eleftheriou, Anastasios
Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos
Herausgegeben von Eleftheriou, Anastasios
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The continuing global decline of the health of the sea, and the increasing depletion of marine resources and biodiversity, caused by human activity and climate change, have led to ever-increasing international concern. These changes in the marine environment highlight the importance of effective monitoring of the ecology of the benthos which has been shown to be a sensitive index of such alterations.
Completely revised and updated to include many new methods and technologies, this Fourth Edition of Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos provides comprehensive coverage on the tools and…mehr
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The continuing global decline of the health of the sea, and the increasing depletion of marine resources and biodiversity, caused by human activity and climate change, have led to ever-increasing international concern. These changes in the marine environment highlight the importance of effective monitoring of the ecology of the benthos which has been shown to be a sensitive index of such alterations.
Completely revised and updated to include many new methods and technologies, this Fourth Edition of Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos provides comprehensive coverage on the tools and techniques available to those working in the area. Commencing with an overview of the design and analysis of benthic surveys, the book continues with chapters covering the sedimentary environment, imaging and diving techniques, macro- and meiofauna techniques, deep sea sampling, energy flow and production. An additional new chapter provided in this edition covers phytobenthos techniques.
Written by many of the world's leading authorities in marine sampling techniques and use, and edited by Professor Anastasios Eleftheriou, this comprehensive Fourth Edition is an essential tool for all marine and environmental scientists, ecologists, fisheries workers and oceanographers. Libraries in all research establishments and universities where these subjects are studied and taught will find this book to be a hugely valuable addition to their collections.
Completely revised and updated to include many new methods and technologies, this Fourth Edition of Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos provides comprehensive coverage on the tools and techniques available to those working in the area. Commencing with an overview of the design and analysis of benthic surveys, the book continues with chapters covering the sedimentary environment, imaging and diving techniques, macro- and meiofauna techniques, deep sea sampling, energy flow and production. An additional new chapter provided in this edition covers phytobenthos techniques.
Written by many of the world's leading authorities in marine sampling techniques and use, and edited by Professor Anastasios Eleftheriou, this comprehensive Fourth Edition is an essential tool for all marine and environmental scientists, ecologists, fisheries workers and oceanographers. Libraries in all research establishments and universities where these subjects are studied and taught will find this book to be a hugely valuable addition to their collections.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 4. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 496
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. Juni 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 249mm x 170mm x 28mm
- Gewicht: 1134g
- ISBN-13: 9780470670866
- ISBN-10: 047067086X
- Artikelnr.: 37596585
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 4. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 496
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. Juni 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 249mm x 170mm x 28mm
- Gewicht: 1134g
- ISBN-13: 9780470670866
- ISBN-10: 047067086X
- Artikelnr.: 37596585
Professor Anastasios Eleftheriou is based at the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and at the Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Contributors Dedication Preface to the Fourth Edition Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Design and Analysis in Benthic Surveys in Environmental Sampling
Anthony J. Underwood and Maura G. Chapman 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Variability
in benthic populations 1.3 Appropriate replication Appropriate spatial
replication Appropriate temporal replication 1.4 Size of sampling unit 1.5
Independence in sampling 1.6 Multivariate measures of assemblages 1.7
Transformations and scales of measurement 1.8 Data-checking and quality
control 1.9 Detecting environmental impacts as statistical interactions
1.10 Precautionary principles and errors in interpretations 1.11 Precision
and the size of samples 1.12 Gradients and hierarchies in sampling 1.13
Combining results from different places or times 1.14 Conclusions
Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Characterising the Physical
Properties of Seabed Habitats Andrew J. Kenny and Ian Sotheran 2.1
Introduction 2.2 Remote acoustic methods for surveying the seabed
Background Echo-sounders (single beam systems) Acoustic ground
discrimination systems based on single beam echo-sounder Swathe bathymetry
2.3 Particle (grain) size analysis Sample collection and storage Sediment
grade scales Analytical techniques Presentation and analysis of grain size
data 2.4 Other important sediment properties Bulk and dry density, water
content and porosity Organic matter content Chlorophyll EPS carbohydrate
Temperature Eh and pH In Situ Sediment Characterisation Methods Disclaimer
References Chapter 3 Imaging Techniques Chris J. Smith and Heye Rumohr 3.1
Introduction 3.2 Acoustic imaging Acoustic ground discriminating systems
Sidescan sonar Swathe bathymetry 3.3 Video Underwater video camera systems
Lenses Housings Data transmission Format Storage media Power supply Video
monitors Illumination Calibration and measurement 3.4 Photography 3.5
Carrier platforms Diving Drop frames Specialised towed platforms Remotely
operated vehicles Autonomous underwater vehicles Manned submersibles
Navigation and positioning of the carrier platform Data acquisition and
processing 3.6 Special applications Sediment profile imagery Laser
technologies Application of medical technologies 3.7 Laboratory imaging 3.8
Image analysis 3.9 Afternote References Chapter 4 Diving Colin Munro 4.1
Diving systems SCUBA Remotely supplied systems Breathing gas and supply
systems 4.2 Saturation diving and underwater habitats 4.3 Data collection
and recording Slate or notepad and pencil Voice recording Image recording
Video systems 4.4 Underwater site marking and relocation General
considerations Air drills and underwater fasteners Acoustic pingers and
receivers 4.5 Sampling methods Corers Suction samplers Yabby pumps and
slurp guns Scrapers 4.6 Other study techniques Resin casting 4.7 Survey
methods Manta tows Transect and quadrat surveys Plotless and rapid survey
techniques Fish survey techniques References Chapter 5 Macrofauna
Techniques Anastasios Eleftheriou and Derek C. Moore 5.1 Littoral
observation and collection Position fixing and levelling on the shore 5.2
Remote collection Trawls Bottom sledges Dredges Semi-quantitative estimates
with trawl and dredge Anchor dredges Grabs Box samplers and corers Suction
samplers Other methods of sampling 5.3 Working sampling gear at sea
Continental shelf Recovery of lost gear 5.4 Efficiency of benthos sampling
gear Dredges and trawls Grabs Corers Comparative efficiency 5.5 Choice of a
sampler 5.6 Treatment and sorting of samples Initial treatment Preservation
Subsequent sorting 5.7 Data recording Acknowledgements References Chapter 6
Meiofauna Techniques Paul J. Somerfield and Richard M. Warwick 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Sample collection Intertidal sediments Subtidal sediments
Secondary substrata 6.3 Fixation and preservation 6.4 Sample processing
Extraction Sediment Secondary substrata 6.5 Storage and preservation 6.6
Sample splitting 6.7 Examination and counting Sorting Preparation for
microscopy Counting Measurement 6.8 Biomass determination 6.9 Cultivation
of marine and brackish-water meiobenthos 6.10 Experimental techniques
References Chapter 7 Deep-Sea Benthic Sampling Alan J. Jamieson, Ben
Boorman and Daniel O.B. Jones 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling from research
vessels Deployment methods Tracking, monitoring and positioning 7.3
Collecting animals from the deep-sea floor Trawling Epibenthic sleds Traps
Suction samplers 7.4 Collecting sediment from the deep-sea floor Grabs Box
corers Tube corers ROV corers 7.5 Imaging the deep-sea floor Imaging survey
design Photographic transects ROV imaging AUV imaging Time-lapse imaging
Interpretation of images 7.6 Biogeochemistry of the deep-sea floor Benthic
incubation chambers Sediment profiling systems 7.7 In situ manipulative
experiments 7.8 Future developments Acknowledgements Abbreviations
References Chapter 8 Measuring the Flow of Energy and Matter in Marine
Benthic Animal Populations Jan van der Meer, Thomas Brey, Carlo Heip, Peter
M.J. Herman, Tom Moens and Dick van Oevelen 8.1 Introduction State
variables and units of measurement 8.2 Energy and mass budgets of
individual organisms Ratios or 'efficiencies' Energy flux modelling 8.3
Methods for estimating the energy budget of an individual organism Mass,
size, chemical composition and energy content Ingestion, absorption and
defaecation Excretion Respiration Growth Reproductive output Regeneration
Product formation 8.4 From the individual to the population Secondary
production 8.5 Community-level measurements and modelling Community-level
activity Community-level mass transfer Community-level modelling References
Chapter 9 Phytobenthos Techniques Hans Kautsky 9.1 Introduction 9.2
Phytobenthic communities Guidelines for the study of phytobenthic
communities Data collection 9.3 Overview of methods for sampling
phytobenthos 9.4 Transect line techniques Overview of transect techniques
Recommended ICES method SCUBA transect estimates (ICES method) Video
transect method Continuous observation methods Photo frames 9.5 Other
underwater surveying methods The manta tow technique Diver-propulsion
vehicle technique Other underwater video techniques Remotely operated
vehicles (see Chapter ) Echo-sounding, sidescan sonar (see Chapter ) 9.6
Other surveying techniques Satellite imagery Aerial photography Laser
scanning techniques 9.7 Conclusion Appendix Short review of methods used
for monitoring in Europe and overseas References Index Colour plate section
Colour plate section
Chapter 1 Design and Analysis in Benthic Surveys in Environmental Sampling
Anthony J. Underwood and Maura G. Chapman 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Variability
in benthic populations 1.3 Appropriate replication Appropriate spatial
replication Appropriate temporal replication 1.4 Size of sampling unit 1.5
Independence in sampling 1.6 Multivariate measures of assemblages 1.7
Transformations and scales of measurement 1.8 Data-checking and quality
control 1.9 Detecting environmental impacts as statistical interactions
1.10 Precautionary principles and errors in interpretations 1.11 Precision
and the size of samples 1.12 Gradients and hierarchies in sampling 1.13
Combining results from different places or times 1.14 Conclusions
Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Characterising the Physical
Properties of Seabed Habitats Andrew J. Kenny and Ian Sotheran 2.1
Introduction 2.2 Remote acoustic methods for surveying the seabed
Background Echo-sounders (single beam systems) Acoustic ground
discrimination systems based on single beam echo-sounder Swathe bathymetry
2.3 Particle (grain) size analysis Sample collection and storage Sediment
grade scales Analytical techniques Presentation and analysis of grain size
data 2.4 Other important sediment properties Bulk and dry density, water
content and porosity Organic matter content Chlorophyll EPS carbohydrate
Temperature Eh and pH In Situ Sediment Characterisation Methods Disclaimer
References Chapter 3 Imaging Techniques Chris J. Smith and Heye Rumohr 3.1
Introduction 3.2 Acoustic imaging Acoustic ground discriminating systems
Sidescan sonar Swathe bathymetry 3.3 Video Underwater video camera systems
Lenses Housings Data transmission Format Storage media Power supply Video
monitors Illumination Calibration and measurement 3.4 Photography 3.5
Carrier platforms Diving Drop frames Specialised towed platforms Remotely
operated vehicles Autonomous underwater vehicles Manned submersibles
Navigation and positioning of the carrier platform Data acquisition and
processing 3.6 Special applications Sediment profile imagery Laser
technologies Application of medical technologies 3.7 Laboratory imaging 3.8
Image analysis 3.9 Afternote References Chapter 4 Diving Colin Munro 4.1
Diving systems SCUBA Remotely supplied systems Breathing gas and supply
systems 4.2 Saturation diving and underwater habitats 4.3 Data collection
and recording Slate or notepad and pencil Voice recording Image recording
Video systems 4.4 Underwater site marking and relocation General
considerations Air drills and underwater fasteners Acoustic pingers and
receivers 4.5 Sampling methods Corers Suction samplers Yabby pumps and
slurp guns Scrapers 4.6 Other study techniques Resin casting 4.7 Survey
methods Manta tows Transect and quadrat surveys Plotless and rapid survey
techniques Fish survey techniques References Chapter 5 Macrofauna
Techniques Anastasios Eleftheriou and Derek C. Moore 5.1 Littoral
observation and collection Position fixing and levelling on the shore 5.2
Remote collection Trawls Bottom sledges Dredges Semi-quantitative estimates
with trawl and dredge Anchor dredges Grabs Box samplers and corers Suction
samplers Other methods of sampling 5.3 Working sampling gear at sea
Continental shelf Recovery of lost gear 5.4 Efficiency of benthos sampling
gear Dredges and trawls Grabs Corers Comparative efficiency 5.5 Choice of a
sampler 5.6 Treatment and sorting of samples Initial treatment Preservation
Subsequent sorting 5.7 Data recording Acknowledgements References Chapter 6
Meiofauna Techniques Paul J. Somerfield and Richard M. Warwick 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Sample collection Intertidal sediments Subtidal sediments
Secondary substrata 6.3 Fixation and preservation 6.4 Sample processing
Extraction Sediment Secondary substrata 6.5 Storage and preservation 6.6
Sample splitting 6.7 Examination and counting Sorting Preparation for
microscopy Counting Measurement 6.8 Biomass determination 6.9 Cultivation
of marine and brackish-water meiobenthos 6.10 Experimental techniques
References Chapter 7 Deep-Sea Benthic Sampling Alan J. Jamieson, Ben
Boorman and Daniel O.B. Jones 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling from research
vessels Deployment methods Tracking, monitoring and positioning 7.3
Collecting animals from the deep-sea floor Trawling Epibenthic sleds Traps
Suction samplers 7.4 Collecting sediment from the deep-sea floor Grabs Box
corers Tube corers ROV corers 7.5 Imaging the deep-sea floor Imaging survey
design Photographic transects ROV imaging AUV imaging Time-lapse imaging
Interpretation of images 7.6 Biogeochemistry of the deep-sea floor Benthic
incubation chambers Sediment profiling systems 7.7 In situ manipulative
experiments 7.8 Future developments Acknowledgements Abbreviations
References Chapter 8 Measuring the Flow of Energy and Matter in Marine
Benthic Animal Populations Jan van der Meer, Thomas Brey, Carlo Heip, Peter
M.J. Herman, Tom Moens and Dick van Oevelen 8.1 Introduction State
variables and units of measurement 8.2 Energy and mass budgets of
individual organisms Ratios or 'efficiencies' Energy flux modelling 8.3
Methods for estimating the energy budget of an individual organism Mass,
size, chemical composition and energy content Ingestion, absorption and
defaecation Excretion Respiration Growth Reproductive output Regeneration
Product formation 8.4 From the individual to the population Secondary
production 8.5 Community-level measurements and modelling Community-level
activity Community-level mass transfer Community-level modelling References
Chapter 9 Phytobenthos Techniques Hans Kautsky 9.1 Introduction 9.2
Phytobenthic communities Guidelines for the study of phytobenthic
communities Data collection 9.3 Overview of methods for sampling
phytobenthos 9.4 Transect line techniques Overview of transect techniques
Recommended ICES method SCUBA transect estimates (ICES method) Video
transect method Continuous observation methods Photo frames 9.5 Other
underwater surveying methods The manta tow technique Diver-propulsion
vehicle technique Other underwater video techniques Remotely operated
vehicles (see Chapter ) Echo-sounding, sidescan sonar (see Chapter ) 9.6
Other surveying techniques Satellite imagery Aerial photography Laser
scanning techniques 9.7 Conclusion Appendix Short review of methods used
for monitoring in Europe and overseas References Index Colour plate section
Colour plate section
Contributors Dedication Preface to the Fourth Edition Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Design and Analysis in Benthic Surveys in Environmental Sampling
Anthony J. Underwood and Maura G. Chapman 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Variability
in benthic populations 1.3 Appropriate replication Appropriate spatial
replication Appropriate temporal replication 1.4 Size of sampling unit 1.5
Independence in sampling 1.6 Multivariate measures of assemblages 1.7
Transformations and scales of measurement 1.8 Data-checking and quality
control 1.9 Detecting environmental impacts as statistical interactions
1.10 Precautionary principles and errors in interpretations 1.11 Precision
and the size of samples 1.12 Gradients and hierarchies in sampling 1.13
Combining results from different places or times 1.14 Conclusions
Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Characterising the Physical
Properties of Seabed Habitats Andrew J. Kenny and Ian Sotheran 2.1
Introduction 2.2 Remote acoustic methods for surveying the seabed
Background Echo-sounders (single beam systems) Acoustic ground
discrimination systems based on single beam echo-sounder Swathe bathymetry
2.3 Particle (grain) size analysis Sample collection and storage Sediment
grade scales Analytical techniques Presentation and analysis of grain size
data 2.4 Other important sediment properties Bulk and dry density, water
content and porosity Organic matter content Chlorophyll EPS carbohydrate
Temperature Eh and pH In Situ Sediment Characterisation Methods Disclaimer
References Chapter 3 Imaging Techniques Chris J. Smith and Heye Rumohr 3.1
Introduction 3.2 Acoustic imaging Acoustic ground discriminating systems
Sidescan sonar Swathe bathymetry 3.3 Video Underwater video camera systems
Lenses Housings Data transmission Format Storage media Power supply Video
monitors Illumination Calibration and measurement 3.4 Photography 3.5
Carrier platforms Diving Drop frames Specialised towed platforms Remotely
operated vehicles Autonomous underwater vehicles Manned submersibles
Navigation and positioning of the carrier platform Data acquisition and
processing 3.6 Special applications Sediment profile imagery Laser
technologies Application of medical technologies 3.7 Laboratory imaging 3.8
Image analysis 3.9 Afternote References Chapter 4 Diving Colin Munro 4.1
Diving systems SCUBA Remotely supplied systems Breathing gas and supply
systems 4.2 Saturation diving and underwater habitats 4.3 Data collection
and recording Slate or notepad and pencil Voice recording Image recording
Video systems 4.4 Underwater site marking and relocation General
considerations Air drills and underwater fasteners Acoustic pingers and
receivers 4.5 Sampling methods Corers Suction samplers Yabby pumps and
slurp guns Scrapers 4.6 Other study techniques Resin casting 4.7 Survey
methods Manta tows Transect and quadrat surveys Plotless and rapid survey
techniques Fish survey techniques References Chapter 5 Macrofauna
Techniques Anastasios Eleftheriou and Derek C. Moore 5.1 Littoral
observation and collection Position fixing and levelling on the shore 5.2
Remote collection Trawls Bottom sledges Dredges Semi-quantitative estimates
with trawl and dredge Anchor dredges Grabs Box samplers and corers Suction
samplers Other methods of sampling 5.3 Working sampling gear at sea
Continental shelf Recovery of lost gear 5.4 Efficiency of benthos sampling
gear Dredges and trawls Grabs Corers Comparative efficiency 5.5 Choice of a
sampler 5.6 Treatment and sorting of samples Initial treatment Preservation
Subsequent sorting 5.7 Data recording Acknowledgements References Chapter 6
Meiofauna Techniques Paul J. Somerfield and Richard M. Warwick 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Sample collection Intertidal sediments Subtidal sediments
Secondary substrata 6.3 Fixation and preservation 6.4 Sample processing
Extraction Sediment Secondary substrata 6.5 Storage and preservation 6.6
Sample splitting 6.7 Examination and counting Sorting Preparation for
microscopy Counting Measurement 6.8 Biomass determination 6.9 Cultivation
of marine and brackish-water meiobenthos 6.10 Experimental techniques
References Chapter 7 Deep-Sea Benthic Sampling Alan J. Jamieson, Ben
Boorman and Daniel O.B. Jones 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling from research
vessels Deployment methods Tracking, monitoring and positioning 7.3
Collecting animals from the deep-sea floor Trawling Epibenthic sleds Traps
Suction samplers 7.4 Collecting sediment from the deep-sea floor Grabs Box
corers Tube corers ROV corers 7.5 Imaging the deep-sea floor Imaging survey
design Photographic transects ROV imaging AUV imaging Time-lapse imaging
Interpretation of images 7.6 Biogeochemistry of the deep-sea floor Benthic
incubation chambers Sediment profiling systems 7.7 In situ manipulative
experiments 7.8 Future developments Acknowledgements Abbreviations
References Chapter 8 Measuring the Flow of Energy and Matter in Marine
Benthic Animal Populations Jan van der Meer, Thomas Brey, Carlo Heip, Peter
M.J. Herman, Tom Moens and Dick van Oevelen 8.1 Introduction State
variables and units of measurement 8.2 Energy and mass budgets of
individual organisms Ratios or 'efficiencies' Energy flux modelling 8.3
Methods for estimating the energy budget of an individual organism Mass,
size, chemical composition and energy content Ingestion, absorption and
defaecation Excretion Respiration Growth Reproductive output Regeneration
Product formation 8.4 From the individual to the population Secondary
production 8.5 Community-level measurements and modelling Community-level
activity Community-level mass transfer Community-level modelling References
Chapter 9 Phytobenthos Techniques Hans Kautsky 9.1 Introduction 9.2
Phytobenthic communities Guidelines for the study of phytobenthic
communities Data collection 9.3 Overview of methods for sampling
phytobenthos 9.4 Transect line techniques Overview of transect techniques
Recommended ICES method SCUBA transect estimates (ICES method) Video
transect method Continuous observation methods Photo frames 9.5 Other
underwater surveying methods The manta tow technique Diver-propulsion
vehicle technique Other underwater video techniques Remotely operated
vehicles (see Chapter ) Echo-sounding, sidescan sonar (see Chapter ) 9.6
Other surveying techniques Satellite imagery Aerial photography Laser
scanning techniques 9.7 Conclusion Appendix Short review of methods used
for monitoring in Europe and overseas References Index Colour plate section
Colour plate section
Chapter 1 Design and Analysis in Benthic Surveys in Environmental Sampling
Anthony J. Underwood and Maura G. Chapman 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Variability
in benthic populations 1.3 Appropriate replication Appropriate spatial
replication Appropriate temporal replication 1.4 Size of sampling unit 1.5
Independence in sampling 1.6 Multivariate measures of assemblages 1.7
Transformations and scales of measurement 1.8 Data-checking and quality
control 1.9 Detecting environmental impacts as statistical interactions
1.10 Precautionary principles and errors in interpretations 1.11 Precision
and the size of samples 1.12 Gradients and hierarchies in sampling 1.13
Combining results from different places or times 1.14 Conclusions
Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Characterising the Physical
Properties of Seabed Habitats Andrew J. Kenny and Ian Sotheran 2.1
Introduction 2.2 Remote acoustic methods for surveying the seabed
Background Echo-sounders (single beam systems) Acoustic ground
discrimination systems based on single beam echo-sounder Swathe bathymetry
2.3 Particle (grain) size analysis Sample collection and storage Sediment
grade scales Analytical techniques Presentation and analysis of grain size
data 2.4 Other important sediment properties Bulk and dry density, water
content and porosity Organic matter content Chlorophyll EPS carbohydrate
Temperature Eh and pH In Situ Sediment Characterisation Methods Disclaimer
References Chapter 3 Imaging Techniques Chris J. Smith and Heye Rumohr 3.1
Introduction 3.2 Acoustic imaging Acoustic ground discriminating systems
Sidescan sonar Swathe bathymetry 3.3 Video Underwater video camera systems
Lenses Housings Data transmission Format Storage media Power supply Video
monitors Illumination Calibration and measurement 3.4 Photography 3.5
Carrier platforms Diving Drop frames Specialised towed platforms Remotely
operated vehicles Autonomous underwater vehicles Manned submersibles
Navigation and positioning of the carrier platform Data acquisition and
processing 3.6 Special applications Sediment profile imagery Laser
technologies Application of medical technologies 3.7 Laboratory imaging 3.8
Image analysis 3.9 Afternote References Chapter 4 Diving Colin Munro 4.1
Diving systems SCUBA Remotely supplied systems Breathing gas and supply
systems 4.2 Saturation diving and underwater habitats 4.3 Data collection
and recording Slate or notepad and pencil Voice recording Image recording
Video systems 4.4 Underwater site marking and relocation General
considerations Air drills and underwater fasteners Acoustic pingers and
receivers 4.5 Sampling methods Corers Suction samplers Yabby pumps and
slurp guns Scrapers 4.6 Other study techniques Resin casting 4.7 Survey
methods Manta tows Transect and quadrat surveys Plotless and rapid survey
techniques Fish survey techniques References Chapter 5 Macrofauna
Techniques Anastasios Eleftheriou and Derek C. Moore 5.1 Littoral
observation and collection Position fixing and levelling on the shore 5.2
Remote collection Trawls Bottom sledges Dredges Semi-quantitative estimates
with trawl and dredge Anchor dredges Grabs Box samplers and corers Suction
samplers Other methods of sampling 5.3 Working sampling gear at sea
Continental shelf Recovery of lost gear 5.4 Efficiency of benthos sampling
gear Dredges and trawls Grabs Corers Comparative efficiency 5.5 Choice of a
sampler 5.6 Treatment and sorting of samples Initial treatment Preservation
Subsequent sorting 5.7 Data recording Acknowledgements References Chapter 6
Meiofauna Techniques Paul J. Somerfield and Richard M. Warwick 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Sample collection Intertidal sediments Subtidal sediments
Secondary substrata 6.3 Fixation and preservation 6.4 Sample processing
Extraction Sediment Secondary substrata 6.5 Storage and preservation 6.6
Sample splitting 6.7 Examination and counting Sorting Preparation for
microscopy Counting Measurement 6.8 Biomass determination 6.9 Cultivation
of marine and brackish-water meiobenthos 6.10 Experimental techniques
References Chapter 7 Deep-Sea Benthic Sampling Alan J. Jamieson, Ben
Boorman and Daniel O.B. Jones 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling from research
vessels Deployment methods Tracking, monitoring and positioning 7.3
Collecting animals from the deep-sea floor Trawling Epibenthic sleds Traps
Suction samplers 7.4 Collecting sediment from the deep-sea floor Grabs Box
corers Tube corers ROV corers 7.5 Imaging the deep-sea floor Imaging survey
design Photographic transects ROV imaging AUV imaging Time-lapse imaging
Interpretation of images 7.6 Biogeochemistry of the deep-sea floor Benthic
incubation chambers Sediment profiling systems 7.7 In situ manipulative
experiments 7.8 Future developments Acknowledgements Abbreviations
References Chapter 8 Measuring the Flow of Energy and Matter in Marine
Benthic Animal Populations Jan van der Meer, Thomas Brey, Carlo Heip, Peter
M.J. Herman, Tom Moens and Dick van Oevelen 8.1 Introduction State
variables and units of measurement 8.2 Energy and mass budgets of
individual organisms Ratios or 'efficiencies' Energy flux modelling 8.3
Methods for estimating the energy budget of an individual organism Mass,
size, chemical composition and energy content Ingestion, absorption and
defaecation Excretion Respiration Growth Reproductive output Regeneration
Product formation 8.4 From the individual to the population Secondary
production 8.5 Community-level measurements and modelling Community-level
activity Community-level mass transfer Community-level modelling References
Chapter 9 Phytobenthos Techniques Hans Kautsky 9.1 Introduction 9.2
Phytobenthic communities Guidelines for the study of phytobenthic
communities Data collection 9.3 Overview of methods for sampling
phytobenthos 9.4 Transect line techniques Overview of transect techniques
Recommended ICES method SCUBA transect estimates (ICES method) Video
transect method Continuous observation methods Photo frames 9.5 Other
underwater surveying methods The manta tow technique Diver-propulsion
vehicle technique Other underwater video techniques Remotely operated
vehicles (see Chapter ) Echo-sounding, sidescan sonar (see Chapter ) 9.6
Other surveying techniques Satellite imagery Aerial photography Laser
scanning techniques 9.7 Conclusion Appendix Short review of methods used
for monitoring in Europe and overseas References Index Colour plate section
Colour plate section