The Second Edition of this book provides a description of systems requirements and constraints for microwave filters, fundamental considerations in the theory and design of microwave filters, and the use of EM techniques to analyze and optimize filter structures. It addresses the many advances that have taken place since the publication of the First Edition and adds new chapters dedicated to tunable filters, examples and exercises, and the application of EM techniques for the physical realization of microwave filters and multiplexing networks. An in-depth look at the state-of-the-art in…mehr
The Second Edition of this book provides a description of systems requirements and constraints for microwave filters, fundamental considerations in the theory and design of microwave filters, and the use of EM techniques to analyze and optimize filter structures. It addresses the many advances that have taken place since the publication of the First Edition and adds new chapters dedicated to tunable filters, examples and exercises, and the application of EM techniques for the physical realization of microwave filters and multiplexing networks.An in-depth look at the state-of-the-art in microwave filter design, implementation, and optimization Thoroughly revised and expanded, this second edition of the popular reference addresses the many important advances that have taken place in the field since the publication of the first edition and includes new chapters on Multiband Filters, Tunable Filters and a chapter devoted to Practical Considerations and Examples. One of the chief constraints in the evolution of wireless communication systems is the scarcity of the available frequency spectrum, thus making frequency spectrum a primary resource to be judiciously shared and optimally utilized. This fundamental limitation, along with atmospheric conditions and interference have long been drivers of intense research and development in the fields of signal processing and filter networks, the two technologies that govern the information capacity of a given frequency spectrum. Written by distinguished experts with a combined century of industrial and academic experience in the field, Microwave Filters for Communication Systems: * Provides a coherent, accessible description of system requirements and constraints for microwave filters * Covers fundamental considerations in the theory and design of microwave filters and the use of EM techniques to analyze and optimize filter structures * Chapters on Multiband Filters and Tunable Filters address the new markets emerging for wireless communication systems and flexible satellite payloads and * A chapter devoted to real-world examples and exercises that allow readers to test and fine-tune their grasp of the material covered in various chapters, in effect it provides the roadmap to develop a software laboratory, to analyze, design, and perform system level tradeoffs including EM based tolerance and sensitivity analysis for microwave filters and multiplexers for practical applications. Microwave Filters for Communication Systems provides students and practitioners alike with a solid grounding in the theoretical underpinnings of practical microwave filter and its physical realization using state-of-the-art EM-based techniques.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Richard J. Cameron, isthe formerTechnical Director at COM DEV International. Visiting Professor at the University of Leeds (UK), and is a Fellow of IEE and IEEE. Chandra M. Kudsia, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Waterloo and former Chief Scientist, COM DEV International. He is a Fellow of IEEE, AIAA, CAE, EIC and IETE. Raafat R. Mansour, PhD, is a Professor at the University of Waterloo and a former Director of R&D at COM DEV International. He is a Fellow of IEEE, CAE and EIC.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xxiii 1 Radio Frequency (RF) Filter Networks for Wireless Communications-The System Perspective 1 Part I Introduction to a Communication System, Radio Spectrum, and Information 1 1.1 Model of a Communication System 1 1.2 Radio Spectrum and its Utilization 6 1.3 Concept of Information 8 1.4 Communication Channel and Link Budgets 10 Part II Noise in a Communication Channel 15 1.5 Noise in Communication Systems 15 1.6 Modulation-Demodulation Schemes in a Communication System 32 1.7 Digital Transmission 39 Part III Impact of System Design on the Requirements of Filter Networks 50 1.8 Communication Channels in a Satellite System 50 1.9 RF Filters in Cellular Systems 62 1.10 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Wireless Communication 66 1.11 Impact of System Requirements on RF Filter Specifications 68 1.12 Impact of Satellite and Cellular Communications on Filter Technology 72 Summary 72 References 72 Appendix 1A 74 Intermodulation Distortion Summary 74 2 Fundamentals of Circuit Theory Approximation 75 2.1 Linear Systems 75 2.2 Classification of Systems 76 2.3 Evolution of Electrical Circuits: A Historical Perspective 77 2.4 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Time Domain 78 2.5 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Frequency-Domain Exponential Driving Function 80 2.6 Steady-State Response of Linear Systems to Sinusoidal Excitations 83 2.7 Circuit Theory Approximation 84 Summary 85 References 86 3 Characterization of Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Functions 87 3.1 The Ideal Filter 87 3.2 Characterization of Polynomial Functions for Doubly Terminated Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks 88 3.3 Characteristic Polynomials for Idealized Lowpass Prototype Networks 93 3.4 Lowpass Prototype Characteristics 95 3.5 Characteristic Polynomials versus Response Shapes 96 3.6 Classical Prototype Filters 98 3.7 Unified Design Chart (UDC) Relationships 108 3.8 Lowpass Prototype Circuit Configurations 109 3.9 Effect of Dissipation 113 3.10 Asymmetric Response Filters 115 Summary 118 References 119 Appendix 3A 121 Unified Design Charts 121 4 Computer-Aided Synthesis of Characteristic Polynomials 129 4.1 Objective Function and Constraints for Symmetric Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks 129 4.2 Analytic Gradients of the Objective Function 131 4.3 Optimization Criteria for Classical Filters 134 4.4 Generation of Novel Classes of Filter Functions 136 4.5 Asymmetric Class of Filters 138 4.6 Linear Phase Filters 142 4.7 Critical Frequencies for Selected Filter Functions 143 Summary 144 References 144 Appendix 4A 145 5 Analysis of Multiport Microwave Networks 147 5.1 Matrix Representation of Two-Port Networks 147 5.2 Cascade of Two Networks 160 5.3 Multiport Networks 167 5.4 Analysis of Multiport Networks 169 Summary 174 References 175 6 Synthesis of a General Class of the Chebyshev Filter Function 177 6.1 Polynomial Forms of the Transfer and Reflection Parameters S21(S) and S11(S) for a Two-port network 177 6.2 Alternating Pole Method for the Determination of the Denominator Polynomial E(S) 186 6.3 General Polynomial Synthesis Methods for Chebyshev Filter Functions 189 6.4 Predistorted Filter Characteristics 200 6.5 Transformation for Symmetric Dual-Passband Filters 208 Summary 211 References 211 Appendix 6A 212 Complex Terminating Impedances in Multiport Networks 212 6A.1 Change of Termination Impedance 213 References 213 7 Synthesis of Network-Circuit Approach 215 7.1 Circuit Synthesis Approach 216 7.2 Lowpass Prototype Circuits for Coupled-Resonator Microwave Bandpass Filters 221 7.3 Ladder Network Synthesis 229 7.4 Synthesis Example of an Asymmetric (4-2) Filter Network 235 Summary 244 References 245 8 Synthesis of Networks: Direct Coupling Matrix Synthesis Methods 247 8.1 The Coupling Matrix 247 8.2 Direct Synthesis of the Coupling Matrix 258 8.3 Coupling Matrix Reduction 261 8.4 Synthesis of the N + 2 Coupling Matrix 268 8.5 Even- and Odd-Mode Coupling Matrix Synthesis Technique: the Folded Lattice Array 282 Summary 292 References 293 9 Reconfiguration of the Folded Coupling Matrix 295 9.1 Symmetric Realizations for Dual-Mode Filters 295 9.2 Asymmetric Realizations for Symmetric Characteristics 300 9.3 "Pfitzenmaier" Configurations 301 9.4 Cascaded Quartets (CQs): Two Quartets in Cascade for Degrees Eight and Above 304 9.5 Parallel-Connected Two-Port Networks 306 9.6 Cul-de-Sac Configuration 311 Summary 321 References 321 10 Synthesis and Application of Extracted Pole and Trisection Elements 323 10.1 Extracted Pole Filter Synthesis 323 10.2 Synthesis of Bandstop Filters Using the Extracted Pole Technique 335 10.2.1 Direct-Coupled Bandstop Filters 338 10.2.1.1 Cul-de-Sac Forms for the Direct-Coupled Bandstop Matrix 341 10.3 Trisections 343 10.4 Box Section and Extended Box Configurations 361 Summary 371 References 371 11 Microwave Resonators 373 11.1 Microwave Resonator Configurations 373 11.2 Calculation of Resonant Frequency 376 11.3 Resonator Unloaded Q Factor 383 11.4 Measurement of Loaded and Unloaded Q Factor 387 Summary 393 References 393 12 Waveguide and Coaxial Lowpass Filters 395 12.1 Commensurate-Line Building Elements 395 12.2 Lowpass Prototype Transfer Polynomials 396 12.3 Synthesis and Realization of the Distributed Stepped Impedance Lowpass Filter 401 12.4 Short-Step Transformers 410 12.5 Synthesis and Realization of Mixed Lumped/Distributed Lowpass Filters 411 Summary 425 References 426 13 Waveguide Realization of Single- and Dual-Mode Resonator Filters 427 13.1 Synthesis Process 428 13.2 Design of the Filter Function 428 13.3 Realization and Analysis of the Microwave Filter Network 434 13.4 Dual-Mode Filters 440 13.5 Coupling Sign Correction 442 13.6 Dual-Mode Realizations for Some Typical Coupling Matrix Configurations 444 13.7 Phase- and Direct-Coupled Extracted Pole Filters 447 13.8 The "Full-Inductive" Dual-Mode Filter 450 Summary 454 References 454 14 Design and Physical Realization of Coupled Resonator Filters 457 14.1 Circuit Models for Chebyshev Bandpass Filters 459 14.2 Calculation of Interresonator Coupling 463 14.3 Calculation of Input/Output Coupling 467 14.4 Design Example of Dielectric Resonator Filters Using the Coupling Matrix Model 468 14.5 Design Example of a Waveguide Iris Filter Using the Impedance Inverter Model 475 14.6 Design Example of a Microstrip Filter Using the J-Admittance Inverter Model 478 Summary 483 References 484 15 Advanced EM-Based Design Techniques for Microwave Filters 485 15.1 EM-Based Synthesis Techniques 485 15.2 EM-Based Optimization Techniques 486 15.3 EM-Based Advanced Design Techniques 496 Summary 513 References 514 16 Dielectric Resonator Filters 517 16.1 Resonant Frequency Calculation in Dielectric Resonators 517 16.2 Rigorous Analyses of Dielectric Resonators 521 16.3 Dielectric Resonator Filter Configurations 524 16.4 Design Considerations for Dielectric Resonator Filters 528 16.5 Other Dielectric Resonator Configurations 531 16.6 Cryogenic Dielectric Resonator Filters 534 16.7 Hybrid Dielectric/Superconductor Filters 536 16.8 Miniature Dielectric Resonators 538 Summary 542 References 543 17 Allpass Phase and Group Delay Equalizer Networks 545 17.1 Characteristics of Allpass Networks 545 17.2 Lumped-Element Allpass Networks 547 17.3 Microwave Allpass Networks 551 17.4 Physical Realization of Allpass Networks 554 17.5 Synthesis of Reflection-Type Allpass Networks 557 17.6 Practical Narrowband Reflection-Type Allpass Networks 558 17.7 Optimization Criteria for Allpass Networks 561 17.8 Dissipation Loss 566 17.9 Equalization Tradeoffs 567 Summary 567 References 568 18 Multiplexer Theory and Design 569 18.1 Background 569 18.2 Multiplexer Configurations 571 18.3 RF Channelizers (Demultiplexers) 575 18.4 RF Combiners 581 18.5 Transmit-Receive Diplexers 601 Summary 606 References 607 19 Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Tuning of Microwave Filters 609 19.1 Sequential Tuning of Coupled Resonator Filters 610 19.2 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Circuit Model Parameter Extraction 615 19.3 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Poles and Zeros of the Input Reflection Coefficient 619 19.4 Time-Domain Tuning 622 19.5 Filter Tuning Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques 627 19.6 Automated Setups for Filter Tuning 637 Summary 639 References 640 20 High-Power Considerations in Microwave Filter Networks 643 20.1 Background 643 20.2 High-Power Requirements in Wireless Systems 643 20.3 High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs) 645 20.4 Gas Discharge 645 20.5 Multipaction Breakdown 651 20.6 High-Power Bandpass Filters 662 20.7 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Consideration for High-Power Equipment 670 Summary 674 Acknowledgment 675 References 675 21 Multiband Filters 679 21.1 Introduction 679 21.2 Approach I: Multiband Filters Realized by Having Transmission Zeros Inside the Passband of a Bandpass Filter 681 21.3 Approach II: Multiband Filters Employing Multimode Resonators 683 21.4 Approach III: Multiband Filters Using Parallel Connected Filters 700 21.5 Approach IV: Multiband Filter Implemented Using Notch Filters Connected in Cascade with a Wideband Bandpass 701 21.6 Use of Dual-Band Filters in Diplexer and Multiplexer Applications 703 21.7 Synthesis of Multiband Filters 705 Summary 727 References 728 22 Tunable Filters 731 22.1 Introduction 731 22.2 Major Challenges in Realizing High-Q 3D Tunable Filters 733 22.3 Combline Tunable Filters 734 22.4 Tunable Dielectric Resonator Filters 752 22.5 Waveguide Tunable Filters 772 22.6 Filters with Tunable Bandwidth 776 Summary 778 References 779 23 Practical Considerations and Design Examples 785 Chandra M. Kudsia, Vicente E. Boria, and Santiago Cogollos 23.1 System Considerations for Filter Specifications in Communication Systems 785 23.2 Filter Synthesis Techniques and Topologies 796 23.3 Multiplexers 827 23.4 High-Power Considerations 839 23.5 Tolerance and Sensitivity Analysis in Filter Design 851 Summary 858 Acknowledgments 858 Appendix 23A 858 Thermal Expansion 858 References 859 A Physical Constants 861 B Conductivities of Metals 863 C Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Some Materials 865 D Rectangular Waveguide Designation 867 E Impedance and Admittance Inverters 869 E.1 Filter Realization with Series Elements 869 E.2 Normalization of the Element Values 872 E.3 General Lowpass Prototype Case 873 E.4 Bandpass Prototype 874 References 878 Index 879
Preface xxiii 1 Radio Frequency (RF) Filter Networks for Wireless Communications-The System Perspective 1 Part I Introduction to a Communication System, Radio Spectrum, and Information 1 1.1 Model of a Communication System 1 1.2 Radio Spectrum and its Utilization 6 1.3 Concept of Information 8 1.4 Communication Channel and Link Budgets 10 Part II Noise in a Communication Channel 15 1.5 Noise in Communication Systems 15 1.6 Modulation-Demodulation Schemes in a Communication System 32 1.7 Digital Transmission 39 Part III Impact of System Design on the Requirements of Filter Networks 50 1.8 Communication Channels in a Satellite System 50 1.9 RF Filters in Cellular Systems 62 1.10 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Wireless Communication 66 1.11 Impact of System Requirements on RF Filter Specifications 68 1.12 Impact of Satellite and Cellular Communications on Filter Technology 72 Summary 72 References 72 Appendix 1A 74 Intermodulation Distortion Summary 74 2 Fundamentals of Circuit Theory Approximation 75 2.1 Linear Systems 75 2.2 Classification of Systems 76 2.3 Evolution of Electrical Circuits: A Historical Perspective 77 2.4 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Time Domain 78 2.5 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Frequency-Domain Exponential Driving Function 80 2.6 Steady-State Response of Linear Systems to Sinusoidal Excitations 83 2.7 Circuit Theory Approximation 84 Summary 85 References 86 3 Characterization of Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Functions 87 3.1 The Ideal Filter 87 3.2 Characterization of Polynomial Functions for Doubly Terminated Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks 88 3.3 Characteristic Polynomials for Idealized Lowpass Prototype Networks 93 3.4 Lowpass Prototype Characteristics 95 3.5 Characteristic Polynomials versus Response Shapes 96 3.6 Classical Prototype Filters 98 3.7 Unified Design Chart (UDC) Relationships 108 3.8 Lowpass Prototype Circuit Configurations 109 3.9 Effect of Dissipation 113 3.10 Asymmetric Response Filters 115 Summary 118 References 119 Appendix 3A 121 Unified Design Charts 121 4 Computer-Aided Synthesis of Characteristic Polynomials 129 4.1 Objective Function and Constraints for Symmetric Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks 129 4.2 Analytic Gradients of the Objective Function 131 4.3 Optimization Criteria for Classical Filters 134 4.4 Generation of Novel Classes of Filter Functions 136 4.5 Asymmetric Class of Filters 138 4.6 Linear Phase Filters 142 4.7 Critical Frequencies for Selected Filter Functions 143 Summary 144 References 144 Appendix 4A 145 5 Analysis of Multiport Microwave Networks 147 5.1 Matrix Representation of Two-Port Networks 147 5.2 Cascade of Two Networks 160 5.3 Multiport Networks 167 5.4 Analysis of Multiport Networks 169 Summary 174 References 175 6 Synthesis of a General Class of the Chebyshev Filter Function 177 6.1 Polynomial Forms of the Transfer and Reflection Parameters S21(S) and S11(S) for a Two-port network 177 6.2 Alternating Pole Method for the Determination of the Denominator Polynomial E(S) 186 6.3 General Polynomial Synthesis Methods for Chebyshev Filter Functions 189 6.4 Predistorted Filter Characteristics 200 6.5 Transformation for Symmetric Dual-Passband Filters 208 Summary 211 References 211 Appendix 6A 212 Complex Terminating Impedances in Multiport Networks 212 6A.1 Change of Termination Impedance 213 References 213 7 Synthesis of Network-Circuit Approach 215 7.1 Circuit Synthesis Approach 216 7.2 Lowpass Prototype Circuits for Coupled-Resonator Microwave Bandpass Filters 221 7.3 Ladder Network Synthesis 229 7.4 Synthesis Example of an Asymmetric (4-2) Filter Network 235 Summary 244 References 245 8 Synthesis of Networks: Direct Coupling Matrix Synthesis Methods 247 8.1 The Coupling Matrix 247 8.2 Direct Synthesis of the Coupling Matrix 258 8.3 Coupling Matrix Reduction 261 8.4 Synthesis of the N + 2 Coupling Matrix 268 8.5 Even- and Odd-Mode Coupling Matrix Synthesis Technique: the Folded Lattice Array 282 Summary 292 References 293 9 Reconfiguration of the Folded Coupling Matrix 295 9.1 Symmetric Realizations for Dual-Mode Filters 295 9.2 Asymmetric Realizations for Symmetric Characteristics 300 9.3 "Pfitzenmaier" Configurations 301 9.4 Cascaded Quartets (CQs): Two Quartets in Cascade for Degrees Eight and Above 304 9.5 Parallel-Connected Two-Port Networks 306 9.6 Cul-de-Sac Configuration 311 Summary 321 References 321 10 Synthesis and Application of Extracted Pole and Trisection Elements 323 10.1 Extracted Pole Filter Synthesis 323 10.2 Synthesis of Bandstop Filters Using the Extracted Pole Technique 335 10.2.1 Direct-Coupled Bandstop Filters 338 10.2.1.1 Cul-de-Sac Forms for the Direct-Coupled Bandstop Matrix 341 10.3 Trisections 343 10.4 Box Section and Extended Box Configurations 361 Summary 371 References 371 11 Microwave Resonators 373 11.1 Microwave Resonator Configurations 373 11.2 Calculation of Resonant Frequency 376 11.3 Resonator Unloaded Q Factor 383 11.4 Measurement of Loaded and Unloaded Q Factor 387 Summary 393 References 393 12 Waveguide and Coaxial Lowpass Filters 395 12.1 Commensurate-Line Building Elements 395 12.2 Lowpass Prototype Transfer Polynomials 396 12.3 Synthesis and Realization of the Distributed Stepped Impedance Lowpass Filter 401 12.4 Short-Step Transformers 410 12.5 Synthesis and Realization of Mixed Lumped/Distributed Lowpass Filters 411 Summary 425 References 426 13 Waveguide Realization of Single- and Dual-Mode Resonator Filters 427 13.1 Synthesis Process 428 13.2 Design of the Filter Function 428 13.3 Realization and Analysis of the Microwave Filter Network 434 13.4 Dual-Mode Filters 440 13.5 Coupling Sign Correction 442 13.6 Dual-Mode Realizations for Some Typical Coupling Matrix Configurations 444 13.7 Phase- and Direct-Coupled Extracted Pole Filters 447 13.8 The "Full-Inductive" Dual-Mode Filter 450 Summary 454 References 454 14 Design and Physical Realization of Coupled Resonator Filters 457 14.1 Circuit Models for Chebyshev Bandpass Filters 459 14.2 Calculation of Interresonator Coupling 463 14.3 Calculation of Input/Output Coupling 467 14.4 Design Example of Dielectric Resonator Filters Using the Coupling Matrix Model 468 14.5 Design Example of a Waveguide Iris Filter Using the Impedance Inverter Model 475 14.6 Design Example of a Microstrip Filter Using the J-Admittance Inverter Model 478 Summary 483 References 484 15 Advanced EM-Based Design Techniques for Microwave Filters 485 15.1 EM-Based Synthesis Techniques 485 15.2 EM-Based Optimization Techniques 486 15.3 EM-Based Advanced Design Techniques 496 Summary 513 References 514 16 Dielectric Resonator Filters 517 16.1 Resonant Frequency Calculation in Dielectric Resonators 517 16.2 Rigorous Analyses of Dielectric Resonators 521 16.3 Dielectric Resonator Filter Configurations 524 16.4 Design Considerations for Dielectric Resonator Filters 528 16.5 Other Dielectric Resonator Configurations 531 16.6 Cryogenic Dielectric Resonator Filters 534 16.7 Hybrid Dielectric/Superconductor Filters 536 16.8 Miniature Dielectric Resonators 538 Summary 542 References 543 17 Allpass Phase and Group Delay Equalizer Networks 545 17.1 Characteristics of Allpass Networks 545 17.2 Lumped-Element Allpass Networks 547 17.3 Microwave Allpass Networks 551 17.4 Physical Realization of Allpass Networks 554 17.5 Synthesis of Reflection-Type Allpass Networks 557 17.6 Practical Narrowband Reflection-Type Allpass Networks 558 17.7 Optimization Criteria for Allpass Networks 561 17.8 Dissipation Loss 566 17.9 Equalization Tradeoffs 567 Summary 567 References 568 18 Multiplexer Theory and Design 569 18.1 Background 569 18.2 Multiplexer Configurations 571 18.3 RF Channelizers (Demultiplexers) 575 18.4 RF Combiners 581 18.5 Transmit-Receive Diplexers 601 Summary 606 References 607 19 Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Tuning of Microwave Filters 609 19.1 Sequential Tuning of Coupled Resonator Filters 610 19.2 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Circuit Model Parameter Extraction 615 19.3 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Poles and Zeros of the Input Reflection Coefficient 619 19.4 Time-Domain Tuning 622 19.5 Filter Tuning Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques 627 19.6 Automated Setups for Filter Tuning 637 Summary 639 References 640 20 High-Power Considerations in Microwave Filter Networks 643 20.1 Background 643 20.2 High-Power Requirements in Wireless Systems 643 20.3 High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs) 645 20.4 Gas Discharge 645 20.5 Multipaction Breakdown 651 20.6 High-Power Bandpass Filters 662 20.7 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Consideration for High-Power Equipment 670 Summary 674 Acknowledgment 675 References 675 21 Multiband Filters 679 21.1 Introduction 679 21.2 Approach I: Multiband Filters Realized by Having Transmission Zeros Inside the Passband of a Bandpass Filter 681 21.3 Approach II: Multiband Filters Employing Multimode Resonators 683 21.4 Approach III: Multiband Filters Using Parallel Connected Filters 700 21.5 Approach IV: Multiband Filter Implemented Using Notch Filters Connected in Cascade with a Wideband Bandpass 701 21.6 Use of Dual-Band Filters in Diplexer and Multiplexer Applications 703 21.7 Synthesis of Multiband Filters 705 Summary 727 References 728 22 Tunable Filters 731 22.1 Introduction 731 22.2 Major Challenges in Realizing High-Q 3D Tunable Filters 733 22.3 Combline Tunable Filters 734 22.4 Tunable Dielectric Resonator Filters 752 22.5 Waveguide Tunable Filters 772 22.6 Filters with Tunable Bandwidth 776 Summary 778 References 779 23 Practical Considerations and Design Examples 785 Chandra M. Kudsia, Vicente E. Boria, and Santiago Cogollos 23.1 System Considerations for Filter Specifications in Communication Systems 785 23.2 Filter Synthesis Techniques and Topologies 796 23.3 Multiplexers 827 23.4 High-Power Considerations 839 23.5 Tolerance and Sensitivity Analysis in Filter Design 851 Summary 858 Acknowledgments 858 Appendix 23A 858 Thermal Expansion 858 References 859 A Physical Constants 861 B Conductivities of Metals 863 C Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Some Materials 865 D Rectangular Waveguide Designation 867 E Impedance and Admittance Inverters 869 E.1 Filter Realization with Series Elements 869 E.2 Normalization of the Element Values 872 E.3 General Lowpass Prototype Case 873 E.4 Bandpass Prototype 874 References 878 Index 879
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