Cognitive science arose in the 1950s when it became apparent that a number of disciplines, including psychology, computer science, linguistics, and philosophy, were fragmenting. Perhaps owing to the field's immediate origins in cybernetics, as well as to the foundational assumption that cognition is information processing, cognitive science initially seemed more unified than psychology. However, as a result of differing interpretations of the foundational assumption and dramatically divergent views of the meaning of the term information processing, three separate schools emerged: classical…mehr
Cognitive science arose in the 1950s when it became apparent that a number of disciplines, including psychology, computer science, linguistics, and philosophy, were fragmenting. Perhaps owing to the field's immediate origins in cybernetics, as well as to the foundational assumption that cognition is information processing, cognitive science initially seemed more unified than psychology. However, as a result of differing interpretations of the foundational assumption and dramatically divergent views of the meaning of the term information processing, three separate schools emerged: classical cognitive science, connectionist cognitive science, and embodied cognitive science. Examples, cases, and research findings taken from the wide range of phenomena studied by cognitive scientists effectively explain and explore the relationship among the three perspectives. Intended to introduce both graduate and senior undergraduate students to the foundations of cognitive science, Mind, Body, World addresses a number of questions currently being asked by those practicing in the field: What are the core assumptions of the three different schools? What are the relationships between these different sets of core assumptions? Is there only one cognitive science, or are there many different cognitive sciences? Giving the schools equal treatment and displaying a broad and deep understanding of the field, Dawson highlights the fundamental tensions and lines of fragmentation that exist among the schools and provides a refreshing and unifying framework for students of cognitive science.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Michael R. W. Dawson is a professor of psychology atthe University of Alberta. He is the author of numerous scientificpapers as well as the books Understanding Cognitive Science(1998), Minds and Machines (2004), Connectionism: AHands-on Approach (2005), and From Bricks to Brains: TheEmbodied Cognitive Science of LEGO Robots (2010).
Inhaltsangabe
List of Figures and Tables ix Preface xiii Who Is This Book Written For? xiv Acknowledgements xv Chapter 1. The Cognitive Sciences: One or Many? 1 1.0 Chapter Overview 1 1.1 A Fragmented Psychology 2 1.2 A Unified Cognitive Science 3 1.3 Cognitive Science or the Cognitive Sciences? 6 1.4 Cognitive Science: Pre-paradigmatic? 13 1.5 A Plan of Action 16 Chapter 2. Multiple Levels of Investigation 19 2.0 Chapter Overview 19 2.1 Machines and Minds 20 2.2 From the Laws of Thought to Binary Logic 23 2.3 From the Formal to the Physical 29 2.4 Multiple Procedures and Architectures 32 2.5 Relays and Multiple Realizations 35 2.6 Multiple Levels of Investigation and Explanation 38 2.7 Formal Accounts of Input-Output Mappings 40 2.8 Behaviour by Design and by Artifact 41 2.9 Algorithms from Artifacts 43 2.10 Architectures against Homunculi 46 2.11 Implementing Architectures 48 2.12 Levelling the Field 51 Chapter 3. Elements of Classical Cognitive Science 55 3.0 Chapter Overview 55 3.1 Mind, Disembodied 56 3.2 Mechanizing the Infinite 59 3.3 Phrase Markers and Fractals 65 3.4 Behaviourism, Language, and Recursion 68 3.5 Underdetermination and Innateness 72 3.6 Physical Symbol Systems 75 3.7 Componentiality, Computability, and Cognition 78 3.8 The Intentional Stance 82 3.9 Structure and Process 85 3.10 A Classical Architecture for Cognition 89 3.11 Weak Equivalence and the Turing Test 93 3.12 Towards Strong Equivalence 97 3.13 The Impenetrable Architecture 106 3.14 Modularity of Mind 113 3.15 Reverse Engineering 119 3.16 What is Classical Cognitive Science? 122 Chapter 4. Elements of Connectionist Cognitive Science 125 4.0 Chapter Overview 125 4.1 Nurture versus Nature 126 4.2 Associations 133 4.3 Nonlinear Transformations 139 4.4 The Connectionist Sandwich 142 4.5 Connectionist Computations: An Overview 148 4.6 Beyond the Terminal Meta-postulate 149 4.7 What Do Output Unit Activities Represent? 152 4.8 Connectionist Algorithms: An Overview 158 4.9 Empiricism and Internal Representations 159 4.10 Chord Classification by a Multilayer Perceptron 162 4.11 Trigger Features 172 4.12 A Parallel Distributed Production System 177 4.13 Of Coarse Codes 184 4.14 Architectural Connectionism: An Overview 188 4.15 New Powers of Old Networks 189 4.16 Connectionist Reorientation 193 4.17 Perceptrons and Jazz Progressions 195 4.18 What Is Connectionist Cognitive Science? 198 Chapter 5. Elements of Embodied Cognitive Science 205 5.0 Chapter Overview 205 5.1 Abandoning Methodological Solipsism 206 5.2 Societal Computing 210 5.3 Stigmergy and Superorganisms 212 5.4 Embodiment, Situatedness, and Feedback 216 5.5 Umwelten, Affordances, and Enactive Perception 219 5.6 Horizontal Layers of Control 222 5.7 Mind in Action 224 5.8 The Extended Mind 230 5.9 The Roots of Forward Engineering 235 5.10 Reorientation without Representation 239 5.11 Robotic Moments in Social Environments 245 5.12 The Architecture of Mind Reading 250 5.13 Levels of Embodied Cognitive Science 255 5.14 What Is Embodied Cognitive Science? 260 Chapter 6. Classical Music and Cognitive Science 265 6.0 Chapter Overview 265 6.1 The Classical Nature of Classical Music 266 6.2 The Classical Approach to Musical Cognition 273 6.3 Musical Romanticism and Connectionism 280 6.4 The Connectionist Approach to Musical Cognition 286 6.5 The Embodied Nature of Modern Music 291 6.6 The Embodied Approach to Musical Cognition 301 6.7 Cognitive Science and Classical Music 307 Chapter 7. Marks of the Classical? 315 7.0 Chapter Overview 315 7.1 Symbols and Situations 316 7.2 Marks of the Classical 324 7.3 Centralized versus Decentralized Control 326 7.4 Serial versus Parallel Processing 334 7.5 Local versus Distributed Representations 339 7.6 Internal Representations 343 7.7 Explicit Rules versus Implicit Knowledge 345 7.8 The Cognitive Vocabulary 348 7.9 From Classical Marks to Hybrid Theories 355 Chapter 8. Seeing and Visualizing 359 8.0 Chapter Overview 359 8.1 The Transparency of Visual Processing 360 8.2 The Poverty of the Stimulus 362 8.3 Enrichment via Unconscious Inference 368 8.4 Natural Constraints 371 8.5 Vision, Cognition, and Visual Cognition 379 8.6 Indexing Objects in the World 383
List of Figures and Tables ix Preface xiii Who Is This Book Written For? xiv Acknowledgements xv Chapter 1. The Cognitive Sciences: One or Many? 1 1.0 Chapter Overview 1 1.1 A Fragmented Psychology 2 1.2 A Unified Cognitive Science 3 1.3 Cognitive Science or the Cognitive Sciences? 6 1.4 Cognitive Science: Pre-paradigmatic? 13 1.5 A Plan of Action 16 Chapter 2. Multiple Levels of Investigation 19 2.0 Chapter Overview 19 2.1 Machines and Minds 20 2.2 From the Laws of Thought to Binary Logic 23 2.3 From the Formal to the Physical 29 2.4 Multiple Procedures and Architectures 32 2.5 Relays and Multiple Realizations 35 2.6 Multiple Levels of Investigation and Explanation 38 2.7 Formal Accounts of Input-Output Mappings 40 2.8 Behaviour by Design and by Artifact 41 2.9 Algorithms from Artifacts 43 2.10 Architectures against Homunculi 46 2.11 Implementing Architectures 48 2.12 Levelling the Field 51 Chapter 3. Elements of Classical Cognitive Science 55 3.0 Chapter Overview 55 3.1 Mind, Disembodied 56 3.2 Mechanizing the Infinite 59 3.3 Phrase Markers and Fractals 65 3.4 Behaviourism, Language, and Recursion 68 3.5 Underdetermination and Innateness 72 3.6 Physical Symbol Systems 75 3.7 Componentiality, Computability, and Cognition 78 3.8 The Intentional Stance 82 3.9 Structure and Process 85 3.10 A Classical Architecture for Cognition 89 3.11 Weak Equivalence and the Turing Test 93 3.12 Towards Strong Equivalence 97 3.13 The Impenetrable Architecture 106 3.14 Modularity of Mind 113 3.15 Reverse Engineering 119 3.16 What is Classical Cognitive Science? 122 Chapter 4. Elements of Connectionist Cognitive Science 125 4.0 Chapter Overview 125 4.1 Nurture versus Nature 126 4.2 Associations 133 4.3 Nonlinear Transformations 139 4.4 The Connectionist Sandwich 142 4.5 Connectionist Computations: An Overview 148 4.6 Beyond the Terminal Meta-postulate 149 4.7 What Do Output Unit Activities Represent? 152 4.8 Connectionist Algorithms: An Overview 158 4.9 Empiricism and Internal Representations 159 4.10 Chord Classification by a Multilayer Perceptron 162 4.11 Trigger Features 172 4.12 A Parallel Distributed Production System 177 4.13 Of Coarse Codes 184 4.14 Architectural Connectionism: An Overview 188 4.15 New Powers of Old Networks 189 4.16 Connectionist Reorientation 193 4.17 Perceptrons and Jazz Progressions 195 4.18 What Is Connectionist Cognitive Science? 198 Chapter 5. Elements of Embodied Cognitive Science 205 5.0 Chapter Overview 205 5.1 Abandoning Methodological Solipsism 206 5.2 Societal Computing 210 5.3 Stigmergy and Superorganisms 212 5.4 Embodiment, Situatedness, and Feedback 216 5.5 Umwelten, Affordances, and Enactive Perception 219 5.6 Horizontal Layers of Control 222 5.7 Mind in Action 224 5.8 The Extended Mind 230 5.9 The Roots of Forward Engineering 235 5.10 Reorientation without Representation 239 5.11 Robotic Moments in Social Environments 245 5.12 The Architecture of Mind Reading 250 5.13 Levels of Embodied Cognitive Science 255 5.14 What Is Embodied Cognitive Science? 260 Chapter 6. Classical Music and Cognitive Science 265 6.0 Chapter Overview 265 6.1 The Classical Nature of Classical Music 266 6.2 The Classical Approach to Musical Cognition 273 6.3 Musical Romanticism and Connectionism 280 6.4 The Connectionist Approach to Musical Cognition 286 6.5 The Embodied Nature of Modern Music 291 6.6 The Embodied Approach to Musical Cognition 301 6.7 Cognitive Science and Classical Music 307 Chapter 7. Marks of the Classical? 315 7.0 Chapter Overview 315 7.1 Symbols and Situations 316 7.2 Marks of the Classical 324 7.3 Centralized versus Decentralized Control 326 7.4 Serial versus Parallel Processing 334 7.5 Local versus Distributed Representations 339 7.6 Internal Representations 343 7.7 Explicit Rules versus Implicit Knowledge 345 7.8 The Cognitive Vocabulary 348 7.9 From Classical Marks to Hybrid Theories 355 Chapter 8. Seeing and Visualizing 359 8.0 Chapter Overview 359 8.1 The Transparency of Visual Processing 360 8.2 The Poverty of the Stimulus 362 8.3 Enrichment via Unconscious Inference 368 8.4 Natural Constraints 371 8.5 Vision, Cognition, and Visual Cognition 379 8.6 Indexing Objects in the World 383
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