Thomas A. Milligan

Modern Antenna Design

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

_ A practical book written for engineers who design and use antennas
_ The author has many years of hands on experience designing antennas that were used in such applications as the Venus and Mars missions of NASA
_ The book covers all important topics of modern antenna design for communications
_ Numerical methods will be included but only as much as are needed for practical applications

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 2. Aufl.
• Seitenzahl: 640
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Juli 2005
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 262mm x 187mm x 37mm
• Gewicht: 1235g
• ISBN-13: 9780471457763
• ISBN-10: 0471457760
• Artikelnr.: 14732188

Autorenporträt

THOMAS A. MILLIGAN is Chief Engineer for Milligan & Associates, Inc., a consulting firm that offers wireless communications solutions. He previously was principal engineer at Lockheed Martin Astronautics, where he specialized in microwave antenna design and analysis. Mr. Milligan is the author of the first edition of Modern Antenna Design and coauthor of Antenna Engineering Using Physical Optics.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv 1 Properties of Antennas 1 1
1 Antenna Radiation 2 1
2 Gain 3 1
3 Effective Area 6 1
4 Path Loss 6 1
5 Radar Range Equation and Cross Section 7 1
6 Why Use an Antenna? 9 1
7 Directivity 10 1
8 Directivity Estimates 11 1
8.1 Pencil Beam 11 1
8.2 Butterfly or Omnidirectional Pattern 13 1
9 Beam Efficiency 16 1
10 Input
Impedance Mismatch Loss 17 1
11 Polarization 18 1
11.1 Circular Polarization Components 19 1
11.2 Huygens Source Polarization 21 1
11.3 Relations Between Bases 22 1
11.4 Antenna Polarization Response 23 1
11.5 Phase Response of Rotating Antennas 25 1
11.6 Partial Gain 26 1
11.7 Measurement of Circular Polarization Using Amplitude Only 26 1
12 Vector Effective Height 27 1
13 Antenna Factor 29 1
14 Mutual Coupling Between Antennas 29 1.15 Antenna Noise Temperature 30 1
16 Communication Link Budget and Radar Range 35 1
17 Multipath 36 1
18 Propagation Over Soil 37 1
19 Multipath Fading 39 References 40 2 Radiation Structures and Numerical Methods 42 2
1 Auxiliary Vector Potentials 43 2
1.1 Radiation from Electric Currents 44 2
1.2 Radiation from Magnetic Currents 49 2
2 Apertures: Huygens Source Approximation 51 2
2.1 Near
and Far
Field Regions 55 2
2.2 Huygens Source 57 2
3 Boundary Conditions 57 2
4 Physical Optics 59 2
4.1 Radiated Fields Given Currents 59 2
4.2 Applying Physical Optics 60 2
4.3 Equivalent Currents 65 2
4.4 Reactance Theorem and Mutual Coupling 66 2
5 Method of Moments 67 2
5.1 Use of the Reactance Theorem for the Method of Moments 68 2
5.2 General Moments Method Approach 69 2
5.3 Thin
Wire Moment Method Codes 71 2
5.4 Surface and Volume Moment Method Codes 71 2
5.5 Examples of Moment Method Models 72 2
6 Finite
Difference Time
Domain Method 76 2
6.1 Implementation 76 2
6.2 Central Difference Derivative 77 2
6.3 Finite
Difference Maxwell's Equations 77 2
6.4 Time Step for Stability 79 2
6.5 Numerical Dispersion and Stability 80 2
6.6 Computer Storage and Execution Times 80 2
6.7 Excitation 81 2
6.8 Waveguide Horn Example 83 2
7 Ray Optics and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction 84 2
7.1 Fermat's Principle 85 2
7.2 H
Plane Pattern of a Dipole Located Over a Finite Strip 85 2
7.3 E
Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 87 2
7.4 H
Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 89 2
7.5 Amplitude Variations Along a Ray 90 2
7.6 Extra Phase Shift Through Caustics 93 2
7.7 Snell's Laws and Reflection 93 2
7.8 Polarization Effects in Reflections 94 2
7.9 Reflection from a Curved Surface 94 2
7.10 Ray Tracing 96 2
7.11 Edge Diffraction 96 2
7.12 Slope Diffraction 98 2
7.13 Corner Diffraction 99 2
7.14 Equivalent Currents 99 2
7.15 Diffraction from Curved Surfaces 99 References 100 3 Arrays 102 3
1 Two
Element Array 104 3
2 Linear Array of N Elements 109 3
3 Hansen and Woodyard End
Fire Array 114 3
4 Phased Arrays 115 3
5 Grating Lobes 117 3
6 Multiple Beams 118 3
7 Planar Array 120 3
8 Grating Lobes in Planar Arrays 125 3
9 Mutual Impedance 127 3
10 Scan Blindness and Array Element Pattern 127 3
11 Compensating Array Feeding for Mutual Coupling 128 3
12 Array Gain 129 3
13 Arrays Using Arbitrarily Oriented Elements 133 References 135 4 Aperture Distributions and Array Synthesis 136 4
1 Amplitude Taper and Phase Error Efficiencies 137 4
1.1 Separable Rectangular Aperture Distributions 139 4
1.2 Circularly Symmetrical Distributions 140 4
2 Simple Linear Distributions 140 4
3 Taylor One
Parameter Linear Distribution 144 4
4 Taylor n Line Distribution 147 4
5 Taylor Line Distribution with Edge Nulls 152 4
6 Elliott's Method for Modified Taylor Distribution and Arbitrary Sidelobes 155 4
7 Bayliss Line
Source Distribution 158 4
8 Woodward Line
Source Synthesis 162 4
9 Schelkunoff's Unit
Circle Method 164 4
10 Dolph
Chebyshev Linear Array 170 4
11 Villeneuve Array Synthesis 172 4
12 Zero Sampling of Continuous Distributions 173 4
13 Fourier Series Shaped
Beam Array Synthesis 175 4
14 Orchard Method of Array Synthesis 178 4
15 Series
Fed Array and Traveling
Wave Feed Synthesis 188 4
16 Circular Apertures 191 4
17 Circular Gaussian Distribution 194 4
18 Hansen Single
Parameter Circular Distribution 195 4
19 Taylor Circular
Aperture Distribution 196 4
20 Bayliss Circular
Aperture Distribution 200 4
21 Planar Arrays 202 4
22 Convolution Technique for Planar Arrays 203 4
23 Aperture Blockage 208 4
24 Quadratic Phase Error 211 4
25 Beam Efficiency of Circular Apertures with Axisymmetric Distribution 214 References 215 5 Dipoles  Slots  and Loops 217 5
1 Standing
Wave Currents 218 5
2 Radiation Resistance (Conductance) 220 5
3 Babinet
Booker Principle 222 5
4 Dipoles Located Over a Ground Plane 223 5
5 Dipole Mounted Over Finite Ground Planes 225 5
6 Crossed Dipoles for Circular Polarization 231 5
7 Super Turnstile or Batwing Antenna 234 5
8 Corner Reflector 237 5
9 Monopole 242 5
10 Sleeve Antenna 242 5
11 Cavity
Mounted Dipole Antenna 245 5
12 Folded Dipole 247 5
13 Shunt Feeding 248 5
14 Discone Antenna 249 5
15 Baluns 251 5
15.1 Folded Balun 252 5
15.2 Sleeve or Bazooka Baluns 253 5
15.3 Split Coax Balun 255 5
15.4 Half
Wavelength Balun 256 5
15.5 Candelabra Balun 256 5
15.6 Ferrite Core Baluns 256 5
15.7 Ferrite Candelabra Balun 258 5
15.8 Transformer Balun 258 5
15.9 Split Tapered Coax Balun 259 5
15.10 Natural Balun 260 5
16 Small Loop 260 5
17 Alford Loop 261 5
18 Resonant Loop 263 5
19 Quadrifilar Helix 264 5
20 Cavity
Backed Slots 266 5
21 Stripline Series Slots 266 5
22 Shallow
Cavity Crossed
Slot Antenna 269 5
23 Waveguide
Fed Slots 270 5
24 Rectangular
Waveguide Wall Slots 271 5
25 Circular
Waveguide Slots 276 5
26 Waveguide Slot Arrays 278 5
26.1 Nonresonant Array 279 5
26.2 Resonant Array 282 5
26.3 Improved Design Methods 282 References 283 6 Microstrip Antennas 285 6
1 Microstrip Antenna Patterns 287 6
2 Microstrip Patch Bandwidth and Surface
Wave Efficiency 293 6
3 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 299 6
4 Quarter
Wave Patch Antenna 310 6
5 Circular Microstrip Patch 313 6
6 Circularly Polarized Patch Antennas 316 6
7 Compact Patches 319 6
8 Directly Fed Stacked Patches 323 6
9 Aperture
Coupled Stacked Patches 325 6
10 Patch Antenna Feed Networks 327 6
11 Series
Fed Array 329 6
12 Microstrip Dipole 330 6
13 Microstrip Franklin Array 332 6
14 Microstrip Antenna Mechanical Properties 333 References 334 7 Horn Antennas 336 7
1 Rectangular Horn (Pyramidal) 337 7
1.1 Beamwidth 341 7
1.2 Optimum Rectangular Horn 343 7
1.3 Designing to Given Beamwidths 346 7
1.4 Phase Center 347 7
2 Circular
Aperture Horn 348 7
2.1 Beamwidth 350 7
2.2 Phase Center 352 7
3 Circular (Conical) Corrugated Horn 353 7
3.1 Scalar Horn 357 7
3.2 Corrugation Design 357 7
3.3 Choke Horns 358 7
3.4 Rectangular Corrugated Horns 359 7
4 Corrugated Ground Plane 359 7
5 Gaussian Beam 362 7
6 Ridged Waveguide Horns 365 7
7 Box Horn 372 7
8 T
Bar
Fed Slot Antenna 374 7
9 Multimode Circular Horn 376 7
10 Biconical Horn 376 References 378 8 Reflector Antennas 380 8
1 Paraboloidal Reflector Geometry 381 8
2 Paraboloidal Reflector Aperture Distribution Losses 383 8
3 Approximate Spillover and Amplitude Taper Trade
offs 385 8
4 Phase Error Losses and Axial Defocusing 387 8
5 Astigmatism 389 8
6 Feed Scanning 390 8
7 Random Phase Errors 393 8
8 Focal Plane Fields 396 8
9 Feed Mismatch Due to the Reflector 397 8
10 Front
to
Back Ratio 399 8
11 Offset
Fed Reflector 399 8
12 Reflections from Conic Sections 405 8
13 Dual
Reflector Antennas 408 8
13.1 Feed Blockage 410 8
13.2 Diffraction Loss 413 8
13.3 Cassegrain Tolerances 414 8
14 Feed and Subreflector Support Strut Radiation 416 8
15 Gain/Noise Temperature of a Dual Reflector 421 8
16 Displaced
Axis Dual Reflector 421 8
17 Offset
Fed Dual Reflector 424 8
18 Horn Reflector and Dragonian Dual Reflector 427 8
19 Spherical Reflector 429 8
20 Shaped Reflectors 432 8
20.1 Cylindrical Reflector Synthesis 433 8
20.2 Circularly Symmetrical Reflector Synthesis 434 8
20.3 Doubly Curved Reflector for Shaped Beams 437 8
20.4 Dual Shaped Reflectors 439 8
21 Optimization Synthesis of Shaped and Multiple
Beam Reflectors 442 References 443 9 Lens Antennas 447 9
1 Single Refracting Surface Lenses 448 9
2 Zoned Lenses 451 9
3 General Two
Surface Lenses 454 9
4 Single
Surface or Contact Lenses 459 9
5 Metal Plate Lenses 461 9
6 Surface Mismatch and Dielectric Losses 463 9
7 Feed Scanning of a Hyperboloidal Lens 464 9
8 Dual
Surface Lenses 465 9
8.1 Coma
Free Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 466 9
8.2 Specified Aperture Distribution Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 468 9
9 Bootlace Lens 470 9
10 Luneburg Lens 472 References 472 10 Traveling
Wave Antennas 474 10
1 General Traveling Waves 475 10
1.1 Slow Wave 478 10
1.2 Fast Waves (Leaky Wave Structure) 480 10
2 Long Wire Antennas 481 10
2.1 Beverage Antenna 481 10
2.2 V Antenna 482 10
2.3 Rhombic Antenna 483 10
3 Yagi
Uda Antennas 485 10
3.1 Multiple
Feed Yagi
Uda Antennas 492 10
3.2 Resonant Loop Yagi
Uda Antennas 495 10
4 Corrugated Rod (Cigar) Antenna 497 10
5 Dielectric Rod (Polyrod) Antenna 499 10
6 Helical Wire Antenna 502 10
6.1 Helical Modes 503 10
6.2 Axial Mode 504 10
6.3 Feed of a Helical Antenna 506 10
6.4 Long Helical Antenna 507 10
6.5 Short Helical Antenna 508 10
7 Short Backfire Antenna 509 10
8 Tapered Slot Antennas 512 10
9 Leaky Wave Structures 516 References 518 11 Frequency
Independent Antennas 521 Spiral Antennas 522 11
1 Modal Expansion of Antenna Patterns 524 11
2 Archimedean Spiral 526 11
3 Equiangular Spiral 527 11
4 Pattern Analysis of Spiral Antennas 530 11
5 Spiral Construction and Feeding 535 11
5.1 Spiral Construction 535 11
5.2 Balun Feed 536 11
5.3 Infinite Balun 538 11
5.4 Beamformer and Coaxial Line Feed 538 11
6 Spiral and Beamformer Measurements 538 11
7 Feed Network and Antenna Interaction 540 11
8 Modulated Arm Width Spiral 541 11
9 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 543 11
10 Mode 2 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 549 11
11 Feeding Conical Log Spirals 550 Log
Periodic Antennas 550 11
12 Log
Periodic Dipole Antenna 551 11
12.1 Feeding a Log
Periodic Dipole Antenna 556 11
12.2 Phase Center 558 11
12.3 Elevation Angle 559 11
12.4 Arrays of Log
Periodic Dipole Antennas 560 11
13 Other Log
Periodic Types 561 11
14 Log
Periodic Antenna Feeding Paraboloidal Reflector 563 11
15 V Log
periodic Array 567 11
16 Cavity
Backed Planar Log
Periodic Antennas 569 References 571 12 Phased Arrays 573 12
1 Fixed Phase Shifters (Phasers) 574 12
2 Quantization Lobes 578 12
3 Array Errors 580 12
4 Nonuniform and Random Element Existence Arrays 582 12
4.1 Linear Space Tapered Array 582 12
4.2 Circular Space Tapered Array 584 12
4.3 Statistically Thinned Array 587 12
5 Array Element Pattern 588 12
6 Feed Networks 590 12
6.1 Corporate Feed 590 12
6.2 Series Feed 592 12
6.3 Variable Power Divider and Phase Shifter 592 12
6.4 Butler Matrix 594 12
6.5 Space Feeding 596 12
6.6 Tapered Feed Network with Uniform
Amplitude Subarrays 597 12
7 Pattern Null Formation in Arbitrary Array 599 12
8 Phased Array Application to Communication Systems 601 12
9 Near
Field Measurements on Phased Arrays 602 References 604 Index 607