The peptide hormones are small proteins that regulate cellular metabolism through their specific interactions with tissues of the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, as well as in embry onic development. During the past ten years, refinements in the techniques of recombinant DNA technology have resulted in the cloning of genes encoding approximately 50 different hormonal and regulatory peptides, including those in which the peptides themselves and the mRNAs encoding the peptides are present in only trace amounts in the tissues of origin. In addition to provid ing the coding sequences of…mehr
The peptide hormones are small proteins that regulate cellular metabolism through their specific interactions with tissues of the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, as well as in embry onic development. During the past ten years, refinements in the techniques of recombinant DNA technology have resulted in the cloning of genes encoding approximately 50 different hormonal and regulatory peptides, including those in which the peptides themselves and the mRNAs encoding the peptides are present in only trace amounts in the tissues of origin. In addition to provid ing the coding sequences of recognized hormonal and regulatory peptides, gene sequencing has uncovered new bioactive peptides encoded in the precursor pro hormones that are then liberated along with the hormonal peptides during cellular cleavages of the precursors. The encoding of multiple peptides in a single mono cistronic mRNA appears to be a genetic mechanism for the gener ation of biologic diversification without requiring amplification of gene sequences. Two of the objectives in the assembly of this book are to pre sent, in one volume, the known primary structures of the genes encoding several of the polypeptide hormones and related regulatory peptides, and to provide an account of the various ap proaches that have been used to identify and select the cloned genes encoding these polypeptides. The contents of the two in troductory chapters are intended to provide the reader with a brief background of the approaches to gene cloning and the struc ture and expression of hormone-encoding genes.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
1 Approaches to Gene Cloning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Construction and Analysis of Recombinant DNA.- 3. Techniques of Identification.- 4. Cloning Techniques.- 5. Hybridization Probes.- References.- 2 Gene Structure and Regulation.- 1. Introduction and Background.- 2. The Structure and Organization of Genes.- 3. Precursors of the Peptide Hormones.- 4. The Generation of Biologic Diversity.- 5. Gene Expression.- 6. Tissue-Specific Gene Expression.- 7. Coupling of Effector Action to Cellular Response.- References.- 3 Insulin Genes: Molecular Cloning and Analyses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Cloning Strategies.- 3. Structure and Expression of the Insulin Gene.- 4. Polymorphism in the Human Insulin Genes.- 5. Abnormal Human Insulins.- References.- 4 The Glucagon Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning and Characterization of Rat Preproglucagon mRNAs and cDNAs.- 3. Glucagon Gene Cloning and Structural Analysis.- 4. Implications Derived From the Structure of the Glucagon Gene.- References.- 5 The Somatostatin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anglerfish Somatostatins.- 3. Mammalian Somatostatin.- 4. Future Directions.- References.- 6 The Human Growth-Hormone Gene Family.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Map of the GH Locus.- 3. Sequences of the GH Family Members.- References.- 7 Glycoprotein Hormone Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Cloning of Genes Encoding the Subunits of Glycoprotein Hormones.- 3. Expression of the Subunit Genes.- 4. Summary.- References.- 8 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Genes: Expression and Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Elucidation of the Precursor Structures.- 3. Maturation of the Precursors.- 4. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Genes.- 5. The Vasopressin Gene in Diabetes Insipidus (Brattleboro) Rats.- 6. Expression of the Oxytocin Gene in Peripheral Organs.- 7. Polyprotein Structures and Their Implications.- References.- 9 The Proopiomelanocortin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of POMC Complementary DNA.- 3. POMC Gene Structure.- 4. Applications of Recombinant-DNA Probes to the Study of POMC Gene Expression.- 5. Summary.- References.- 10 Enkephalin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. mRNA Characterization and Gene Structure.- References.- 11 Calcitonin and Calcitonin-Related Peptide Genes: Tissue-Specific RNA Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calcitonin Gene Expression.- 3. Mechanisms of Tissue-Specific RNA-Processing Events.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 12 Parathyroid Hormone Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of PTH Genes.- 3. Gene Number, Location, and Polymorphisms.- 4. Structure of Mammalian PTH Genes.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 13 The Renin Gene.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Renin-Angiotensin System-Its Importance in the Regulation of Blood Pressure.- 3. Renin: A Member of the Aspartyl Protease Family?.- 4. The Genetic System in the Mouse.- 5. Cloning of the Mouse Submaxillary Renin cDNA.- 6. Structure and Processing of Mouse and Human Renin.- 7. Structure of the Renin Gene and Comparison With Other Aspartyl Proteases.- 8. Tissue-Specific Expression of the Renin Gene.- 9. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Nerve Growth Factor: mRNA and Genes That Encode the ?-Subunit.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of DNA Complementary to the mRNA That Encodes the ?-Subunit of Nerve Growth Factor.- 3. Human ?-NGF Gene.- 4. Structure of ?-NGF mRNA and Gene.- 5. Structure of the ?-NGF Precursor Encoded by ?-NGF mRNA and Gene.- 6. Knowledge Gained-and the Future.- References.- 15 Bombesin-Like Peptide Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Bombesin-Like Peptides.- 3. Distribution and Physiology.- 4. Molecular Biology.- 5. Summary andPerspectives.- 6. Acknowledgments.- References.- 16 Biosynthesis of Peptides in the Skin of Xenopus laevis: cDNAs Encoding Precursors of Caerulein, PGLa, Xenopsin, and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Precursor Sequences Deduced From Cloned cDNAs.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 17 cDNA Encoding Precursors of the Bee-Venom Peptides Melittin and Secapin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Melittin mRNA.- 3. Sequence Analysis of the Cloned mRNA and Preprosecapin.- References.- 18 Yeast ?-Factor Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of MF?l Using a Genetic Technique.- 3. Structure of MF?l.- 4. Cloning of MF?l and MF?2 by Hybridization.- 5. Structure of MF?2 and Comparison of MF?l and MF?2.- 6. Precursor Processing.- 7. Function of MF?1 vs MF?2.- 8. Summary.- References.
1 Approaches to Gene Cloning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Construction and Analysis of Recombinant DNA.- 3. Techniques of Identification.- 4. Cloning Techniques.- 5. Hybridization Probes.- References.- 2 Gene Structure and Regulation.- 1. Introduction and Background.- 2. The Structure and Organization of Genes.- 3. Precursors of the Peptide Hormones.- 4. The Generation of Biologic Diversity.- 5. Gene Expression.- 6. Tissue-Specific Gene Expression.- 7. Coupling of Effector Action to Cellular Response.- References.- 3 Insulin Genes: Molecular Cloning and Analyses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Cloning Strategies.- 3. Structure and Expression of the Insulin Gene.- 4. Polymorphism in the Human Insulin Genes.- 5. Abnormal Human Insulins.- References.- 4 The Glucagon Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning and Characterization of Rat Preproglucagon mRNAs and cDNAs.- 3. Glucagon Gene Cloning and Structural Analysis.- 4. Implications Derived From the Structure of the Glucagon Gene.- References.- 5 The Somatostatin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anglerfish Somatostatins.- 3. Mammalian Somatostatin.- 4. Future Directions.- References.- 6 The Human Growth-Hormone Gene Family.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Map of the GH Locus.- 3. Sequences of the GH Family Members.- References.- 7 Glycoprotein Hormone Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Cloning of Genes Encoding the Subunits of Glycoprotein Hormones.- 3. Expression of the Subunit Genes.- 4. Summary.- References.- 8 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Genes: Expression and Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Elucidation of the Precursor Structures.- 3. Maturation of the Precursors.- 4. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Genes.- 5. The Vasopressin Gene in Diabetes Insipidus (Brattleboro) Rats.- 6. Expression of the Oxytocin Gene in Peripheral Organs.- 7. Polyprotein Structures and Their Implications.- References.- 9 The Proopiomelanocortin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of POMC Complementary DNA.- 3. POMC Gene Structure.- 4. Applications of Recombinant-DNA Probes to the Study of POMC Gene Expression.- 5. Summary.- References.- 10 Enkephalin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. mRNA Characterization and Gene Structure.- References.- 11 Calcitonin and Calcitonin-Related Peptide Genes: Tissue-Specific RNA Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calcitonin Gene Expression.- 3. Mechanisms of Tissue-Specific RNA-Processing Events.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 12 Parathyroid Hormone Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of PTH Genes.- 3. Gene Number, Location, and Polymorphisms.- 4. Structure of Mammalian PTH Genes.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 13 The Renin Gene.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Renin-Angiotensin System-Its Importance in the Regulation of Blood Pressure.- 3. Renin: A Member of the Aspartyl Protease Family?.- 4. The Genetic System in the Mouse.- 5. Cloning of the Mouse Submaxillary Renin cDNA.- 6. Structure and Processing of Mouse and Human Renin.- 7. Structure of the Renin Gene and Comparison With Other Aspartyl Proteases.- 8. Tissue-Specific Expression of the Renin Gene.- 9. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Nerve Growth Factor: mRNA and Genes That Encode the ?-Subunit.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of DNA Complementary to the mRNA That Encodes the ?-Subunit of Nerve Growth Factor.- 3. Human ?-NGF Gene.- 4. Structure of ?-NGF mRNA and Gene.- 5. Structure of the ?-NGF Precursor Encoded by ?-NGF mRNA and Gene.- 6. Knowledge Gained-and the Future.- References.- 15 Bombesin-Like Peptide Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Bombesin-Like Peptides.- 3. Distribution and Physiology.- 4. Molecular Biology.- 5. Summary andPerspectives.- 6. Acknowledgments.- References.- 16 Biosynthesis of Peptides in the Skin of Xenopus laevis: cDNAs Encoding Precursors of Caerulein, PGLa, Xenopsin, and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Precursor Sequences Deduced From Cloned cDNAs.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 17 cDNA Encoding Precursors of the Bee-Venom Peptides Melittin and Secapin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Melittin mRNA.- 3. Sequence Analysis of the Cloned mRNA and Preprosecapin.- References.- 18 Yeast ?-Factor Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of MF?l Using a Genetic Technique.- 3. Structure of MF?l.- 4. Cloning of MF?l and MF?2 by Hybridization.- 5. Structure of MF?2 and Comparison of MF?l and MF?2.- 6. Precursor Processing.- 7. Function of MF?1 vs MF?2.- 8. Summary.- References.
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