Piper longum is important medicinal plant.The demand of piper longum has been increased many fold in both developing and developed country due to growing recognition that natural products,being non-narcotic,having no side effects and easily available at affordable price.Due to huge demand of plant based crude druges throughout the word,urgent need today is to domesticate or cultivate the plant to fulfill the unexpected demand. This monograph ventures to probe into this very important area covering almost the entire gamut of the burning issues relating to Piper longum from cultivation to ayurvedic importance.