Natural polymers, derived from renewable sources like plants, animals, and microorganisms, have been used by humans for centuries due to their unique properties and sustainability. These polymers, which include cellulose, starch, proteins, and others, are integral to numerous industrial applications due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and environmentally friendly nature. This book delves into the various types of natural polymers, their methods of extraction and purification, characterization techniques, and the latest research directions. Special attention is given to their applications in fields such as medicine, packaging, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. The focus on natural polymers reflects a growing shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in materials science, highlighting their potential to replace synthetic polymers in many applications and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.