Negligence, Tort, Duty of care, Donoghue v Stevenson, Caparo Industries plc v Dickman, Breach of duty in English law, Bolton v Stone, Roe v Minister of Health, United States v. Carroll Towing Co., Calculus of negligence, Causation (law), Causation in English law, Breaking the chain, Damages, Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.