Newcastle disease is the main obstacle to village poultry farming in Madagascar. A survey of villagers followed by sampling in case of suspected Newcastle disease was conducted in the district of Fandriana in order to assess farmers' knowledge of the disease, to identify the circulation of the Newcastle disease virus in this district and to characterize the circulating strains by molecular biology. During the survey, 38 poultry farmers (100%) confirmed the annual occurrence of a highly lethal avian disease that runs from May to November. Poultry farmers call this disease by two vernacular names, "boarika" and "ramoletak'akoho". Molecular analysis of the samples confirms that the disease referred to by the poultry farmers ("boarika" and "ramoletak'akoho") is indeed Newcastle disease and is responsible for the deadly poultry epizootic that has occurred every year in this area.