Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay ( - in Russian, - in Ukrainian; sometimes referred to as Nicolai Nicolaevich de Miklouho-Maclay) (1846 1888) was a Russian ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist of Ukrainian, German and Polish descent. Miklouho-Maclay was born in a temporary workers camp near Novgorod in Imperial Russia, a son of a civil engineer working on the construction of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway. His Ukrainian father was descended from Stepan Myklukha, a Zaporozhian Cossack, who was awarded the title of noble of the Empire by Catherine II for his military exploits during the Russo-Turkish War (1787 1792), which included the capture of the Ochakiv fortress. His mother, Ekaterina Semenovna, née Bekker, was of Polish-German descent (her three brothers took part in the January Uprising of 1863). Nicholas attended a grammar school in Saint Petersburg, then went on to study at St. Petersburg University. After 1873, the Miklouho-Maclay family owned a country estate in Malyn, 150 kilometres (90 miles) Nothwest of Kiev.