Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Some non-Muslim scholars reject all hadith as fabrications, which colors their views. Others, like Wilferd Madelung, accept the hadith literature. A few of them, like Lammens, have held a negative view of Ali. Madelung has criticized this school of thought and, like many other non-Muslim Islamic scholars, praised Ali.