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Crude oil plays a significant role in human's life. How can we detect it underground and distinguish it from other liquids is an important issue. The chemical method is commonly used in industry, which has many drawbacks. On the other hand, refractive index (RI) sensors have many advantages such as small size and high sensitivity. Furthermore, they have remote accessing ability, which makes them to have great potential applications. In order to tackle current limitations in crude oil detection, a new crude oil sensor should be developed. This book aims to develop a new crude oil sensor based on refractive index and microwave photonics techniques. It can distinguish crude oil from other liquids underground directly. In addition, it has high sensitivity and is low cost. This new sensing structure consists of a fibre laser and a microwave photonics notch filter. The sensor head, which is formed by removing part of cladding in a fibre Bragg grating, is the key component. The performance of the sensor is analysed and simulated using MATLAB and VPITransmissionMaker photonic simulation software. In addition, experiments have been conducted to verify the idea.