Onsager Reciprocal Relations
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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain relations between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists. As an example, it is observed that temperature differences in a system lead to heat flows from the warmer to the colder parts of the system. Similarly, pressure differences will lead to matter flow from high-pressure to low-pressure regions. It was observed experimentally that when both pressure and temperature vary, pressure differences can…mehr

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain relations between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists. As an example, it is observed that temperature differences in a system lead to heat flows from the warmer to the colder parts of the system. Similarly, pressure differences will lead to matter flow from high-pressure to low-pressure regions. It was observed experimentally that when both pressure and temperature vary, pressure differences can cause heat flow and temperature differences can cause matter flow. Even more surprisingly, the heat flow per unit of pressure difference and the density (matter) flow per unit of temperature difference are equal. This was shown to be necessary by Lars Onsager using statistical mechanics. For his discovery of these reciprocal relations, Onsager was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.