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The last decade has witnessed an explosive development in the growth of expitaxial layers and structures with atomic-scale dimensions. This progress has created new demands for the characterization of those stuctures. Various methods have been refined and new ones developed with the main emphasis on non-destructive in-situ characterization. Among those, methods which rely on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter are particularly valuable. In this book standard methods such as far-infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, Raman scattering, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction are…mehr

Produktbeschreibung
The last decade has witnessed an explosive development in the growth of expitaxial layers and structures with atomic-scale dimensions. This progress has created new demands for the characterization of those stuctures. Various methods have been refined and new ones developed with the main emphasis on non-destructive in-situ characterization. Among those, methods which rely on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter are particularly valuable. In this book standard methods such as far-infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, Raman scattering, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction are presented, as well as new advanced techniques which provide the potential for better in-situ characterization of epitaxial structures (such as reflection anistropy spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, second-harmonic generation, and others). This volume is intended for researchers working at universities or in industry, as well as for graduate students who are interested in the characterization of semiconductor layers and for those entering this field. It summarizes the present-day knowledge and reviews the latest developments important for future ex-situ and in-situ studies.
Internationally, the electric power industry is currently undergoing unprecedented reform. Power utilities need efficient tools to ensure that electrical energy of the quality desired can be provided at the lowest possible cost. Operation of Market-oriented Power Systems provides effective computational tools for the efficient operation of restructured power systems covering all the major operational issues such as:

- congestion management;

- available transfer capability calculations;

- price forecasting and optimal bidding strategies;

- a review of international research and world-wide industrial practice covered in each chapter gives the reader a broader understanding of the state of the art in this exciting field.

This book will be a useful reference for professional engineers and researchers in the operation and control of modern power systems as all within the power industry face up to the changes required to provide safe, reliable and profitable electricity in an increasingly competitive market.

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Autorenporträt
Yong-Hua Song is Professor of Electrical Energy Systems at Brunel and he also holds the Royal Academy of Engineering/Nuclear Electric/Siemens Chair of Power Systems Analysis. He is the author of over 250 journal and conference papers.