R L Maynard, Vyvyan Howard

Particulate Matter

Properties and Effects on Health

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

* This is a rapidly expanding and highly topical research area; * All authors (and editors) are well-known and respected in their fields; * Looks at the health effects caused by particulate aerosols, and discuss recent legislation and future strategies

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Garland Science
• Seitenzahl: 210
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Juni 1999
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 16mm
• Gewicht: 485g
• ISBN-13: 9781859961728
• ISBN-10: 185996172X
• Artikelnr.: 23441788

Autorenporträt

Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London SE1 6LW, UK. Fetal and Infant Toxico-Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.

Inhaltsangabe

Abbreviations
Contributors
Foreword
1. Introduction /Robert L. Maynard
Physicochemical properties of particulates
2. Airborne particles and their effects on health /Anthony Seaton
The lung and its defences
Biological particles
Mineral particles
The pneumoconioses
Lung cancer
Ambient air pollution
The lessons
Further reading
3. Microscopy and the characterization of particles /Frederick D. Pooley and Milagros Galvez de Mille
Introduction
Sampling particulate aerosols for analysis
Optical microscopic techniques
Electron optical techniques
Bulk analytical techniques
Characteristics of particulate aerosols
Aqueous soluble aerosols
Organic soluble aerosol material
Elemental carbonaceous material
Insoluble inorganic aerosols
Conclusions
References
4. The physicochemical characterization of urban airborne particulate matter /Kelly A BeruBe, Timothy P. Jones, Ben J. Williamson, Roy J. Richards
Introduction
Trends in urban emissions
Diesel exhaust particulates
Carbon black particulates
Physical characterization of airborne particulates
Microscopy
based techniques
Collection and preparation of DEP and CB
Transmission electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Quantitative image analysis
Chemical characterization of airborne particulates
Analytical
based techniques
Particle preparation for elemental analysis
Electron probe X
ray microanalysis
Inductively coupled plasma mass and atomic emission
spectrometry
Conclusions
References
5. The structural and physical chemistry of nanoparticles /D.A Jefferson and E.E.M. Tilley
Introduction
The role of surface atoms
The effect of surface reactivity
Structures of metal nanoparticles
Surface facetting
Non close
packed nanoparticles
The role of kinetics
Metal oxide nanoparticles
Bulk
terminated nanoparticles
Ti02
Nanoparticles with anion vacancies
Ce02
Spinel oxides and cation vacancies
Fe304
Surface metallization of y
Al203
New structure types in W03
Conclusions
References
Biological and health effects
6. Lung deposition of diesel particulates /John McAughey
Introduction
Health effects
Size distribution of ambient particles
Source apportionment of ambient particles
Particle number vs. particle mass distribution
Vehicle emissions by particle size
Lung dose of diesel particulate
Basis of human lung deposition models
Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract
Mechanisms of particle deposition
Efficiency of diesel particle deposition
assumptions for calculations
Dose calculations
Daily mass deposition
Daily particle deposition (by number)
Retention
Conclusions
References
7. The biological effects on lung epithelium of well
characterized fine particles /Roy J. Richards, Kelly A. BeruBe, Lisa Masek, Debbie Symons, Samantha A. Murphy
Introduction
Alveolar structure and cell response to toxicants
Functions of alveolar cells
Sequential cellular changes following alveolar damage
Quantitative assessment of pulmonary damage
Comparative bioreactivity of different particles
Particle characterization
Particle dose and administration
Quantitative assessment of particle bioreactivity
Subjective assessment of particle reactivity
Distribution and fate of diesel exhaust particles
Summary and comment
References
8. The toxicology of ultrafine particles /Ken Donaldson, Vicki Stone, William MacNee
The lung and particle defence
Ultrafine particles
Ultrafines and PM10
Adverse health effects of particles
Toxicology of ultrafine particles
Deposition
Human studies
Animal studies
Inhalation studies with ultrafine particles at overload
Non
overload studies
Instillation studies
In vitro studies on ultrafine particles
The cellular /molecular mechanism of ultrafine particle toxicity
Hygiene consequences of increased toxicity of ultrafine materials
Conclusions on the toxicology of ultrafine particles
References
Monitoring and abatement
9. Sources and behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter /Roy M. Harrison
Introduction
Source apportionment of airborne particles
Primary particulate matter
Secondary particulate matter
Receptor modelling of airborne particles
The future
References
10. UK research programme on the characterization of vehicle particulate emissions /Michael J. Davies
Introduction
Road vehicle exhaust particulates
Initial vehicle /engine testing
Test methodology
Evaluation of test methods
Initial results from vehicle /engine testing
Sizing instrument investigation
Scanning mobility particle sizer
Quartz crystal microbalance
Electrical low
pressure impactor
Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM)
Anderson impactor (Mark III)
Particulate dilution tunnel evaluation
Particulate traps
Conclusions
Reference
Future policy considerations
11. Air quality strategies with respect to particles /Martin Williams
Introduction
Air quality policy and health effects
Mechanisms of effects of particles on health
Measurement methods for particles
Source apportionment
The current policy position
References
Glossary
Index.