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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Penal battalions, penal companies, etc., are military formations consisting of convicted persons for which military service in such units was either the assigned punishment or an alternative to imprisonment or the death penalty. Until May 1942, each Soviet army fighting at the front had just one penal 'battalion', normally consisting of 929 men. These battalions were used in defence as well as during offensives. In July 1942 Stalin directed the creation of new 'shtrafbats', (????????, ???????? ????????) or penal battalions by Stavka Order No. 227 in July 1942. Order No. 227 introduced severe punishments, including the summary imposition of the death penalty, for unauthorized retreats. In this order Stalin referred to the positive experience of the Nazis in use of the death penalty and service in penal battalions as a punishment for unauthorized retreats. Pursuant to Order No. 227, the first penal battalions were originally planned at 800 men; penal companies were also authorized, consisting of between 150 and 200 men per company.