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Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms and/or molecules. The process is named after the Dutch physicist Frans Michel Penning who first reported it in 1927.Penning ionization refers to the interaction between a gas-phase excited-state atom or molecule G and a target molecule M resulting in the formation of a radical molecular cation M+., an electron e , and a neutral gas molecule G: Chemi-ionization is the formation of an ion through the reaction of a gas phase atom or molecule with an atom or molecule in an excited state.where G is the excited state species (indicated by the superscripted asterisk), and M is the species that is ionized by the loss of an electron to form the radical cation (indicated by the superscripted "plus-dot").