This is a topical area for the courts, which have moved to imply various limitations or tests on decision makers powers and when they can be challenged. This is made more difficult for lay users and lawyers alike in that implied restrictions are (by definition) not apparent from the words of the relevant contract itself. These limits are applied by the courts not just to fiduciaries (such as trustees or directors), but also to non-fiduciaries (eg banks and employers). Recent case law includes: · Pitt v Holt (SC) - trustee decisions (2013) · Braganza (SC) - contractual discretions (2015) ·…mehr
This is a topical area for the courts, which have moved to imply various limitations or tests on decision makers powers and when they can be challenged. This is made more difficult for lay users and lawyers alike in that implied restrictions are (by definition) not apparent from the words of the relevant contract itself. These limits are applied by the courts not just to fiduciaries (such as trustees or directors), but also to non-fiduciaries (eg banks and employers). Recent case law includes: · Pitt v Holt (SC) - trustee decisions (2013) · Braganza (SC) - contractual discretions (2015) · Eclairs (SC) - directors powers: proper purposes (2015) · IBM UK Holdings v Dalgleish (CA) - employer powers under pension plans (2017) · British Airways (CA)- pension plan - proper purposes (2018) The book reviews the relevant doctrines of: · Interpretation rules · Proper purposes; · Due consideration of relevant factors · Full perversity (no reasonable decision maker)
Part 1: Introduction 1. Introduction Part 2: Legal review of decisions: General 2. Legal review of decisions: Major Tests 3. Expanded outline of major tests 4. Exceptions and qualifications 5. Public Law analogy in private law discretions? 6. Construction - General 7. Interpretation of Pension Schemes Part 3: Types of decision and who is the decision maker 8. Nature of discretion 9. Who is the decision maker? Part 4: Proper Purposes - Applying Eclairs 10. Proper purposes: Introduction 11. Eclairs 12. The proper purpose test 13. Purpose test in Trust Law and Company Law 14. How is the proper purpose test applied? 15. Can proper purposes apply where there has been a failure to act? 16. How is the decision maker's purpose worked out? 17. Causation/More than one motive or intention 18. More than one decision maker 19. Purpose verses motive? 20. Effect of improper exercise 21. Proper Purposes: Conclusion Part 5: Proper Purposes - Application to Pension Schemes 22. Proper Purposes and pension schemes: Introduction 23. Pension scheme and Trustee powers 24. Overall Purpose of a pension scheme 25. Pensions: Main purpose verses Sole purpose? 26. Pension trusts: Examples of the application of the proper purpose test 27. Pension schemes: Amendment powers/Change of Principal 28. Transfers-in 29. Transfers out: Fletcher Challenge and ITS v Hope 30. Investment 31. Early retirement reduction 32. Commutation factors 33. Pension increases 34. Winding-up a pension scheme? 35. Pension Regulator powers 36. Trustees exercising powers fairly 37. Pension Trustees and Proper Purposes: Overview 38. No literal 'best interests' duty for trustees Part 6: Braganza 1: Due consideration of relevant factors 39. Braganza - a landmark case 40. Braganza: the Decision 41. The Braganza rationality Test 42. Trustees and Braganza: Beyond a Good faith test 43. Trustees and public law analogies following Braganza 44. Does Braganza apply to all commercial discretions? 45. Intensity of review 46. Braganza first limb - process: relevant factors 47. Trustees and relevant factors: Pitt v Holt compared with Braganza 48. Three types of relevant factors: the public law approach 49. Limits on enquiries: properly informed, but not an 'endless search' 50. Weight given to factors Part 7: Braganza 2: No reasonable decision maker: Perversity 51. Braganza 52. Arbitrary, capricious etc 53. Timing for irrationality? 54. What if one reasonable decision maker would have made the same decision? 55. Braganza 2 test is a limit on a power? Part 8: Braganza rationality tests: interaction with the proper purpose test 56. Braganza and proper purposes tests 57. Braganza and MDTC/Contractual/Imperial duty Part 9: Further common issues on the proper purposes and Braganza tests 58. Multiple decision makers 59. Decision maker would have made the same decision anyway? 60. Decision maker giving reasons Part 10: Remedies for a Failure? 61. Remedies 62. Fiduciary Duties 63. Reversal or cancellation of the decision: void or voidable 64. Damages or equitable compensation for breach of trust/duty 65. Impact on third parties 66. Removal of the decision maker 67. Exclusion clauses 68. Overturning a decision - reference back to decision maker Part 11: Trustees and Directors: Fetters on Discretion 69. Discretions and fetters 70. Statements of a no fetter rule 71. Fetters: Some older cases 72. The Fetters rule gets more sensible: three modern cases: Thorby; Cabra Estates and Firkin-Flood 73. Fetters: Modern position 74. Pension schemes and fetters 75. Fetters: is public law any guide? 76. Fetters: Directors and Companies 77. Fetters and changes of trustees 78. Fetters: Outside parties 79. Fetters: Impact on Third parties 80. Fetters and a Power of amendment 81. Setting policies or guidelines?
Part 1: Introduction 1. Introduction Part 2: Legal review of decisions: General 2. Legal review of decisions: Major Tests 3. Expanded outline of major tests 4. Exceptions and qualifications 5. Public Law analogy in private law discretions? 6. Construction - General 7. Interpretation of Pension Schemes Part 3: Types of decision and who is the decision maker 8. Nature of discretion 9. Who is the decision maker? Part 4: Proper Purposes - Applying Eclairs 10. Proper purposes: Introduction 11. Eclairs 12. The proper purpose test 13. Purpose test in Trust Law and Company Law 14. How is the proper purpose test applied? 15. Can proper purposes apply where there has been a failure to act? 16. How is the decision maker's purpose worked out? 17. Causation/More than one motive or intention 18. More than one decision maker 19. Purpose verses motive? 20. Effect of improper exercise 21. Proper Purposes: Conclusion Part 5: Proper Purposes - Application to Pension Schemes 22. Proper Purposes and pension schemes: Introduction 23. Pension scheme and Trustee powers 24. Overall Purpose of a pension scheme 25. Pensions: Main purpose verses Sole purpose? 26. Pension trusts: Examples of the application of the proper purpose test 27. Pension schemes: Amendment powers/Change of Principal 28. Transfers-in 29. Transfers out: Fletcher Challenge and ITS v Hope 30. Investment 31. Early retirement reduction 32. Commutation factors 33. Pension increases 34. Winding-up a pension scheme? 35. Pension Regulator powers 36. Trustees exercising powers fairly 37. Pension Trustees and Proper Purposes: Overview 38. No literal 'best interests' duty for trustees Part 6: Braganza 1: Due consideration of relevant factors 39. Braganza - a landmark case 40. Braganza: the Decision 41. The Braganza rationality Test 42. Trustees and Braganza: Beyond a Good faith test 43. Trustees and public law analogies following Braganza 44. Does Braganza apply to all commercial discretions? 45. Intensity of review 46. Braganza first limb - process: relevant factors 47. Trustees and relevant factors: Pitt v Holt compared with Braganza 48. Three types of relevant factors: the public law approach 49. Limits on enquiries: properly informed, but not an 'endless search' 50. Weight given to factors Part 7: Braganza 2: No reasonable decision maker: Perversity 51. Braganza 52. Arbitrary, capricious etc 53. Timing for irrationality? 54. What if one reasonable decision maker would have made the same decision? 55. Braganza 2 test is a limit on a power? Part 8: Braganza rationality tests: interaction with the proper purpose test 56. Braganza and proper purposes tests 57. Braganza and MDTC/Contractual/Imperial duty Part 9: Further common issues on the proper purposes and Braganza tests 58. Multiple decision makers 59. Decision maker would have made the same decision anyway? 60. Decision maker giving reasons Part 10: Remedies for a Failure? 61. Remedies 62. Fiduciary Duties 63. Reversal or cancellation of the decision: void or voidable 64. Damages or equitable compensation for breach of trust/duty 65. Impact on third parties 66. Removal of the decision maker 67. Exclusion clauses 68. Overturning a decision - reference back to decision maker Part 11: Trustees and Directors: Fetters on Discretion 69. Discretions and fetters 70. Statements of a no fetter rule 71. Fetters: Some older cases 72. The Fetters rule gets more sensible: three modern cases: Thorby; Cabra Estates and Firkin-Flood 73. Fetters: Modern position 74. Pension schemes and fetters 75. Fetters: is public law any guide? 76. Fetters: Directors and Companies 77. Fetters and changes of trustees 78. Fetters: Outside parties 79. Fetters: Impact on Third parties 80. Fetters and a Power of amendment 81. Setting policies or guidelines?
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