Philosophy of Religion in Islam
A Reader of Classical Sources
Herausgeber: Acar, Rahim; Kaya, Cüneyt
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Philosophy of Religion in Islam
A Reader of Classical Sources
Herausgeber: Acar, Rahim; Kaya, Cüneyt
- Broschiertes Buch
This is the first anthology to represent the contributions and perspectives of medieval Islamic scholars on philosophy of religion. Assembling and translating 63 key texts, including many never before published in English, it captures the variety and influence of Islamic thought on how we think about the existence of God, the problem of evil and the relationship between faith and reason. Focusing on the classical period of medieval Islamic thought up until the end of the 13th century, this one-of-a kind reader is organized thematically around five parts and covers: § Conceptions of faith and…mehr
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This is the first anthology to represent the contributions and perspectives of medieval Islamic scholars on philosophy of religion. Assembling and translating 63 key texts, including many never before published in English, it captures the variety and influence of Islamic thought on how we think about the existence of God, the problem of evil and the relationship between faith and reason. Focusing on the classical period of medieval Islamic thought up until the end of the 13th century, this one-of-a kind reader is organized thematically around five parts and covers: § Conceptions of faith and reason § The possibility of miracles as the sign of divine support § Arguments for the God's existence § Strategies for understanding religious texts § The nature of salvation Each Part has its own specialized introduction, relating medieval Islamic discussions on that problem to the contemporary discussions in philosophy of religion. Each reading is accompanied by an overview that provides context and background to the argument. Broad and rich, there is a wealth of translated writing here. Granting access to such valuable primary sources, this reader offers us deeper insight into the debates, discussions, and arguments of Islam thinkers on universal questions in philosophy.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Bloomsbury Academic
- Seitenzahl: 864
- Erscheinungstermin: 20. Februar 2025
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 244mm x 169mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 454g
- ISBN-13: 9781350406148
- ISBN-10: 1350406147
- Artikelnr.: 70745186
- Verlag: Bloomsbury Academic
- Seitenzahl: 864
- Erscheinungstermin: 20. Februar 2025
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 244mm x 169mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 454g
- ISBN-13: 9781350406148
- ISBN-10: 1350406147
- Artikelnr.: 70745186
Rahim Acar is Professor of Philosophy of Religion at Marmara University, Turkey.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE GENERAL INTRODUCTION SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF THE
AUTHORS OF THE SELECTED TEXTS PART I RELIGION and REASON Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Faith and Reason 2. The Origin and Nature of
Religion 3. The Relationship between Religious Teachings and
Philosophical-Scientific Theories Texts 1. Al-Shahrastani: The Position of
Doubt in the Face of Faith 2. Al-Ash?ari: A Vindication of the Science of
Kalam 3. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Invalidity of Conjecture in Accepting
Religious Beliefs 4. Al-Ghazali: Evaluation of Different Approaches on the
Relationship of Reason and Revelation 5. Al-Juwayni: Justification of
Prophethood 6. Abu ?atim al-Razi & Abu Bakr al-Razi: Why is There a Need
for a Prophet? 7. Al-Farabi: Religion as a Social Order 8. Ibn al-?Arabi:
The Meaning of Religion and the Status of Prophethood 9. Al-Farabi:
Philosophy, Religion and Theology as Parts of a Hierarchically Ordered
Whole 10. Ibn ?ufayl: Revelation and Reason Are Different Ways that Show
the Same Truth 11. Ibn Rushd: The Final Words on the Relationship between
Philosophy and Religion PART II RELIGION and ETHICS Edited by Hümeyra
Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of History of
Philosophy Introduction 1. The Problem of Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) 2.
The Content of the Moral Knowledge Based on Religion. 3. Moral Sanction
Texts 1. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: The Rationality of Good and Evil 2.
Al-Juwayni: Judgment on Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) can only be Obtained
from Religion 3. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Can Reason Judge Whether Something
is Good or Bad? 4. Al-Maturidi: On the Imperfectness of our Judgements on
the Good and the Bad due to our Ignorance 5. Al-Ghazali: On the
Permissibility of Entities whose Status is not Legally Determined 6. Ibn
al-?Arabi: The Root and The Characteristics of Morality 7. Al-Ja?i?:
Strengthening the Mind with Sanctions Against Desires PART III RELIGIOUS
EXPERIENCE and RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE Edited by M. Nedim Tan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction 1.
Prophetic Guidance and Transmission-based Epistemology 2. Prophethood as a
Potency: A Philosophical Perspective 3. Sufism as a Prophethood-Centered
Religious Experience Texts 1. Al-Maturidi: Sources of Knowledge and the
Necessity of the Prophet 2. Al-Farabi: Dream, Revelation, and Imagination
3. Ibn Sina: On Proving the Prophecy and the Mission of the Prophet 4. Ibn
Sina: Stations of the Knowers 5. Al-Ghazali: Stages of the Perception of
the Truth 6. Al-Qay?ari: Sainthood and the Imaginal World 7. Najm al-Din
Razi: Dreams and Visions PART IV EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS Edited by Ercan Alkan
Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction
1. Mu?jiza (Miracle) 2. Karama (Blessing/ Divine Gift/Saintly Marvel) 3.
Irha?and Ma?una (Precursor and Support) 4. Istidraj and Ikhana (Mischief
and Betrayal) 5. Si?r (Magic) Texts 1. Al-Juwayni: Prophetic Miracles and
Their Conditions, and Proofs for the Saintly Marvels 2. Ibn ?azm: Miracle
as the Evidence of Prophethood and its Differences from Magic and Prophecy
3. Al-Ghazali & Ibn Rushd: Continuity in the Nature and Possibility of
Miracles 4. Ibn Sina: The Secrets of the Extraordinary Events 5. Ibn
al-?Arabi: Extraordinary Events: Miracles, Blessings, and Magic PART V
GOD'S EXISTENCE and UNITY Edited by M. Cüneyt Kaya Istanbul University,
Faculty of Letters, Department of Philosophy Introduction 1. If and How Can
God Be Known? 2. Arguments for the Existence of God A. Ontological Argument
B. Cosmological Arguments: Movement and Beginning to Exist (?uduth) C.
Teleological Argument 3. The Unity of God Texts 1. Al-Raghib al-I?fahani:
The Ways of Knowing God's Existence 2. Ibn Sina: Existence and Its Causes
3. Al-Juwayni: Proving God's Existence from the Createdness of the Universe
4. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Necessity of Knowing God and the Necessity of
Reasoning in Knowing Him 5. Ibn Rushd: The Attempts to Prove the Existence
of God and the Method of the Qur?an 6. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: An Overview of
the Arguments for the Existence of God 7. Ibn al-?Arabi: Existence of God
between Theory and Unveiling PART VI GOD and the UNIVERSE Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Creation and the Order of Beings 2. God's
Maintenance of the Universe 3. The Problem of Evil Texts 1. Ibn Sina:
Creation of the Universe and the Order of Existents 2. Al-Shahrastani:
Creation of the Universe out of Nothing 3. Al-Qay?ari: The Universal Realms
and the Five Levels of Divine Existence 4. Ibn Miskawayh: The Hierarchical
Relation among Existents 5. Al-Ja?i?: Al-Na??am's Thought on Latency (
kumun) 6. Ibn Sina: God as the Essential Cause of Everything Created 7.
Al-Baqillani: The Critique of the Concept of Nature 8. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar:
Divine Justice and Evil in the Universe 9. Al-Nasafi: Creation of Evil 10.
Al-Ghazali: This World Is the Most Perfect World That Could Be PART VII
HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS? Edited by Nail Okuyucu Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence &
Rahim Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of
Philosophy of Religion Introduction 1. Philosophical-Scientific
Explanations and Statements in Religious Texts 2. Religious Texts as the
Source of Moral-Legal Rules Texts 1. Al-Farabi: The Expression of Truth:
The Language of Religion and the Language of Philosophy 2. Al-Ghazali:
Hierarchy of Existence and Interpretation (ta?vil) 3. Ibn Rushd: The Theory
of Interpretation 4. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: Understanding and Interpretation
of Religious Texts 5. Al-Qunawi: Degrees of Understanding with Respect to
Prophetic Knowledge 6. Al-Shafi?i: Understanding the Divine Will:
Perspective on Human Obligations 7. Al-Sha?ibi: The Purpose of Establishing
the Shari?a PART VIII THEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES
Edited by Osman Demir Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Faculty of
Theology, Department of Islamic Theology Introduction 1. Knowing and Naming
God 2. Understanding the Properties Predicated on God A. The Literalist
Understanding of the Properties Attributed to God B. Emphasis on Divine
Transcendence in Expressions Attributed to God C. The Balance of
Transcendence-Immanence in Divine Properties D. Categorizing Divine Names
and Properties Texts 1. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Whether God's Reality Can Be
Known 2. Al-Ghazali: The Possibility of Knowing God and Its Method 3.
Al-Maturidi: Divine Names and Attributes do not Require Similarity to
Creation 4. Al-Kirmani: Can God Be Known Through Attributes? 5. Ibn
Taymiyya: The Salafist Approach to Divine Names and Attributes 6. Ibn
al-Jawzi: Criticism of Anthropomorphism within ?anbalism 7. Qa?i ?Abd
al-Jabbar: The Divine Attributes in the Mu?tazila School of Thought 8. Ibn
Sina: The Attributes of the Necessary Being 9. Al-Qay?ari: The Divine Names
and Attributes 10. ?affar al-Qummi: Imams as the Face of Allah 11.
Al-Fazari: Divine Attributes and the Classification of Attributes in
Kharijism 12. Al-Baqillani: The Concept of Attributes According to the
Ash?arite School PART IX RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY Edited by Ercan Alkan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism & Rahim Acar Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of Religion
Introduction 1. Understanding and Interpreting the Fact of Religious
Diversity 2. Classification of Approaches in Classical Islamic Thought A.
The Theological Approach and Religious Exclusivism B. The Epistemological
Approach and Religious Inclusivism C. The Ontological Approach and
Religious Pluralism Texts 1. Al-Maturidi & Ibn al-Jawzi & Kiya al-Harrasi &
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi & Al-Biqa?i & Bursawi & Al-Alusi: The People of the
Book and the People of the Interval in the Qur?an and the Exegesis 2. Qa?i
?Abd al-Jabbar: The Acts for which a Legally Responsible Person (mukallaf)
is Accountable 3. Ikhwan al-?afa?: Religious Diversity 4.
Al-Shahrastani: From the Uniqueness of the Truth to the Uniqueness of the
True Sect 5. Al-Farabi: Between Religious Pluralism and Religious
Inclusivism 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: Beliefs and States 7. Al-Jili & Al-Nablusi:
The Truth of Religions and Religious Practices 8. Al-Farghani: On the
Oneness of Existence and the Manyness of Belief PART X DEATH and HEREAFTER
Edited by Hümeyra Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology,
Department of History of Philosophy Introduction 1. What is Death? Is Death
Good or Bad? 2. Will the Resurrection Be Physical or Spiritual? 3. The
Individual Identity of the Resurrected Body 4. What Will Happen in the
Afterlife? 5. Rejection of the Transmigration of the Soul 6. The Status of
Children, Animals, and the Mentally Handicapped in the Hereafter Texts 1.
Ibn Miskawayh: Fear from Death, Its Quiddity, and the State of the Soul
after Death 2. Al-Ghazali: The Reality of Death, its Painfulness, and
Obtaining Knowledge of the Reality of Death through Dreams 3. Ibn Sina: On
the Invalidity of Claiming Solely Bodily Resurrection 4. Al-Ghazali: On the
Invalidity of Rational Arguments about the Afterlife 5. Al-Juwayni:
Resurrection After Death 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: The Prophetic Knowledge and the
Barzakh 7. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: The Rejection of the Transmigration of the
Soul 8. Al-Ash?ari: The Fate of Children and Animals
AUTHORS OF THE SELECTED TEXTS PART I RELIGION and REASON Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Faith and Reason 2. The Origin and Nature of
Religion 3. The Relationship between Religious Teachings and
Philosophical-Scientific Theories Texts 1. Al-Shahrastani: The Position of
Doubt in the Face of Faith 2. Al-Ash?ari: A Vindication of the Science of
Kalam 3. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Invalidity of Conjecture in Accepting
Religious Beliefs 4. Al-Ghazali: Evaluation of Different Approaches on the
Relationship of Reason and Revelation 5. Al-Juwayni: Justification of
Prophethood 6. Abu ?atim al-Razi & Abu Bakr al-Razi: Why is There a Need
for a Prophet? 7. Al-Farabi: Religion as a Social Order 8. Ibn al-?Arabi:
The Meaning of Religion and the Status of Prophethood 9. Al-Farabi:
Philosophy, Religion and Theology as Parts of a Hierarchically Ordered
Whole 10. Ibn ?ufayl: Revelation and Reason Are Different Ways that Show
the Same Truth 11. Ibn Rushd: The Final Words on the Relationship between
Philosophy and Religion PART II RELIGION and ETHICS Edited by Hümeyra
Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of History of
Philosophy Introduction 1. The Problem of Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) 2.
The Content of the Moral Knowledge Based on Religion. 3. Moral Sanction
Texts 1. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: The Rationality of Good and Evil 2.
Al-Juwayni: Judgment on Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) can only be Obtained
from Religion 3. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Can Reason Judge Whether Something
is Good or Bad? 4. Al-Maturidi: On the Imperfectness of our Judgements on
the Good and the Bad due to our Ignorance 5. Al-Ghazali: On the
Permissibility of Entities whose Status is not Legally Determined 6. Ibn
al-?Arabi: The Root and The Characteristics of Morality 7. Al-Ja?i?:
Strengthening the Mind with Sanctions Against Desires PART III RELIGIOUS
EXPERIENCE and RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE Edited by M. Nedim Tan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction 1.
Prophetic Guidance and Transmission-based Epistemology 2. Prophethood as a
Potency: A Philosophical Perspective 3. Sufism as a Prophethood-Centered
Religious Experience Texts 1. Al-Maturidi: Sources of Knowledge and the
Necessity of the Prophet 2. Al-Farabi: Dream, Revelation, and Imagination
3. Ibn Sina: On Proving the Prophecy and the Mission of the Prophet 4. Ibn
Sina: Stations of the Knowers 5. Al-Ghazali: Stages of the Perception of
the Truth 6. Al-Qay?ari: Sainthood and the Imaginal World 7. Najm al-Din
Razi: Dreams and Visions PART IV EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS Edited by Ercan Alkan
Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction
1. Mu?jiza (Miracle) 2. Karama (Blessing/ Divine Gift/Saintly Marvel) 3.
Irha?and Ma?una (Precursor and Support) 4. Istidraj and Ikhana (Mischief
and Betrayal) 5. Si?r (Magic) Texts 1. Al-Juwayni: Prophetic Miracles and
Their Conditions, and Proofs for the Saintly Marvels 2. Ibn ?azm: Miracle
as the Evidence of Prophethood and its Differences from Magic and Prophecy
3. Al-Ghazali & Ibn Rushd: Continuity in the Nature and Possibility of
Miracles 4. Ibn Sina: The Secrets of the Extraordinary Events 5. Ibn
al-?Arabi: Extraordinary Events: Miracles, Blessings, and Magic PART V
GOD'S EXISTENCE and UNITY Edited by M. Cüneyt Kaya Istanbul University,
Faculty of Letters, Department of Philosophy Introduction 1. If and How Can
God Be Known? 2. Arguments for the Existence of God A. Ontological Argument
B. Cosmological Arguments: Movement and Beginning to Exist (?uduth) C.
Teleological Argument 3. The Unity of God Texts 1. Al-Raghib al-I?fahani:
The Ways of Knowing God's Existence 2. Ibn Sina: Existence and Its Causes
3. Al-Juwayni: Proving God's Existence from the Createdness of the Universe
4. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Necessity of Knowing God and the Necessity of
Reasoning in Knowing Him 5. Ibn Rushd: The Attempts to Prove the Existence
of God and the Method of the Qur?an 6. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: An Overview of
the Arguments for the Existence of God 7. Ibn al-?Arabi: Existence of God
between Theory and Unveiling PART VI GOD and the UNIVERSE Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Creation and the Order of Beings 2. God's
Maintenance of the Universe 3. The Problem of Evil Texts 1. Ibn Sina:
Creation of the Universe and the Order of Existents 2. Al-Shahrastani:
Creation of the Universe out of Nothing 3. Al-Qay?ari: The Universal Realms
and the Five Levels of Divine Existence 4. Ibn Miskawayh: The Hierarchical
Relation among Existents 5. Al-Ja?i?: Al-Na??am's Thought on Latency (
kumun) 6. Ibn Sina: God as the Essential Cause of Everything Created 7.
Al-Baqillani: The Critique of the Concept of Nature 8. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar:
Divine Justice and Evil in the Universe 9. Al-Nasafi: Creation of Evil 10.
Al-Ghazali: This World Is the Most Perfect World That Could Be PART VII
HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS? Edited by Nail Okuyucu Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence &
Rahim Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of
Philosophy of Religion Introduction 1. Philosophical-Scientific
Explanations and Statements in Religious Texts 2. Religious Texts as the
Source of Moral-Legal Rules Texts 1. Al-Farabi: The Expression of Truth:
The Language of Religion and the Language of Philosophy 2. Al-Ghazali:
Hierarchy of Existence and Interpretation (ta?vil) 3. Ibn Rushd: The Theory
of Interpretation 4. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: Understanding and Interpretation
of Religious Texts 5. Al-Qunawi: Degrees of Understanding with Respect to
Prophetic Knowledge 6. Al-Shafi?i: Understanding the Divine Will:
Perspective on Human Obligations 7. Al-Sha?ibi: The Purpose of Establishing
the Shari?a PART VIII THEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES
Edited by Osman Demir Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Faculty of
Theology, Department of Islamic Theology Introduction 1. Knowing and Naming
God 2. Understanding the Properties Predicated on God A. The Literalist
Understanding of the Properties Attributed to God B. Emphasis on Divine
Transcendence in Expressions Attributed to God C. The Balance of
Transcendence-Immanence in Divine Properties D. Categorizing Divine Names
and Properties Texts 1. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Whether God's Reality Can Be
Known 2. Al-Ghazali: The Possibility of Knowing God and Its Method 3.
Al-Maturidi: Divine Names and Attributes do not Require Similarity to
Creation 4. Al-Kirmani: Can God Be Known Through Attributes? 5. Ibn
Taymiyya: The Salafist Approach to Divine Names and Attributes 6. Ibn
al-Jawzi: Criticism of Anthropomorphism within ?anbalism 7. Qa?i ?Abd
al-Jabbar: The Divine Attributes in the Mu?tazila School of Thought 8. Ibn
Sina: The Attributes of the Necessary Being 9. Al-Qay?ari: The Divine Names
and Attributes 10. ?affar al-Qummi: Imams as the Face of Allah 11.
Al-Fazari: Divine Attributes and the Classification of Attributes in
Kharijism 12. Al-Baqillani: The Concept of Attributes According to the
Ash?arite School PART IX RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY Edited by Ercan Alkan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism & Rahim Acar Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of Religion
Introduction 1. Understanding and Interpreting the Fact of Religious
Diversity 2. Classification of Approaches in Classical Islamic Thought A.
The Theological Approach and Religious Exclusivism B. The Epistemological
Approach and Religious Inclusivism C. The Ontological Approach and
Religious Pluralism Texts 1. Al-Maturidi & Ibn al-Jawzi & Kiya al-Harrasi &
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi & Al-Biqa?i & Bursawi & Al-Alusi: The People of the
Book and the People of the Interval in the Qur?an and the Exegesis 2. Qa?i
?Abd al-Jabbar: The Acts for which a Legally Responsible Person (mukallaf)
is Accountable 3. Ikhwan al-?afa?: Religious Diversity 4.
Al-Shahrastani: From the Uniqueness of the Truth to the Uniqueness of the
True Sect 5. Al-Farabi: Between Religious Pluralism and Religious
Inclusivism 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: Beliefs and States 7. Al-Jili & Al-Nablusi:
The Truth of Religions and Religious Practices 8. Al-Farghani: On the
Oneness of Existence and the Manyness of Belief PART X DEATH and HEREAFTER
Edited by Hümeyra Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology,
Department of History of Philosophy Introduction 1. What is Death? Is Death
Good or Bad? 2. Will the Resurrection Be Physical or Spiritual? 3. The
Individual Identity of the Resurrected Body 4. What Will Happen in the
Afterlife? 5. Rejection of the Transmigration of the Soul 6. The Status of
Children, Animals, and the Mentally Handicapped in the Hereafter Texts 1.
Ibn Miskawayh: Fear from Death, Its Quiddity, and the State of the Soul
after Death 2. Al-Ghazali: The Reality of Death, its Painfulness, and
Obtaining Knowledge of the Reality of Death through Dreams 3. Ibn Sina: On
the Invalidity of Claiming Solely Bodily Resurrection 4. Al-Ghazali: On the
Invalidity of Rational Arguments about the Afterlife 5. Al-Juwayni:
Resurrection After Death 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: The Prophetic Knowledge and the
Barzakh 7. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: The Rejection of the Transmigration of the
Soul 8. Al-Ash?ari: The Fate of Children and Animals
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE GENERAL INTRODUCTION SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF THE
AUTHORS OF THE SELECTED TEXTS PART I RELIGION and REASON Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Faith and Reason 2. The Origin and Nature of
Religion 3. The Relationship between Religious Teachings and
Philosophical-Scientific Theories Texts 1. Al-Shahrastani: The Position of
Doubt in the Face of Faith 2. Al-Ash?ari: A Vindication of the Science of
Kalam 3. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Invalidity of Conjecture in Accepting
Religious Beliefs 4. Al-Ghazali: Evaluation of Different Approaches on the
Relationship of Reason and Revelation 5. Al-Juwayni: Justification of
Prophethood 6. Abu ?atim al-Razi & Abu Bakr al-Razi: Why is There a Need
for a Prophet? 7. Al-Farabi: Religion as a Social Order 8. Ibn al-?Arabi:
The Meaning of Religion and the Status of Prophethood 9. Al-Farabi:
Philosophy, Religion and Theology as Parts of a Hierarchically Ordered
Whole 10. Ibn ?ufayl: Revelation and Reason Are Different Ways that Show
the Same Truth 11. Ibn Rushd: The Final Words on the Relationship between
Philosophy and Religion PART II RELIGION and ETHICS Edited by Hümeyra
Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of History of
Philosophy Introduction 1. The Problem of Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) 2.
The Content of the Moral Knowledge Based on Religion. 3. Moral Sanction
Texts 1. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: The Rationality of Good and Evil 2.
Al-Juwayni: Judgment on Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) can only be Obtained
from Religion 3. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Can Reason Judge Whether Something
is Good or Bad? 4. Al-Maturidi: On the Imperfectness of our Judgements on
the Good and the Bad due to our Ignorance 5. Al-Ghazali: On the
Permissibility of Entities whose Status is not Legally Determined 6. Ibn
al-?Arabi: The Root and The Characteristics of Morality 7. Al-Ja?i?:
Strengthening the Mind with Sanctions Against Desires PART III RELIGIOUS
EXPERIENCE and RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE Edited by M. Nedim Tan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction 1.
Prophetic Guidance and Transmission-based Epistemology 2. Prophethood as a
Potency: A Philosophical Perspective 3. Sufism as a Prophethood-Centered
Religious Experience Texts 1. Al-Maturidi: Sources of Knowledge and the
Necessity of the Prophet 2. Al-Farabi: Dream, Revelation, and Imagination
3. Ibn Sina: On Proving the Prophecy and the Mission of the Prophet 4. Ibn
Sina: Stations of the Knowers 5. Al-Ghazali: Stages of the Perception of
the Truth 6. Al-Qay?ari: Sainthood and the Imaginal World 7. Najm al-Din
Razi: Dreams and Visions PART IV EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS Edited by Ercan Alkan
Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction
1. Mu?jiza (Miracle) 2. Karama (Blessing/ Divine Gift/Saintly Marvel) 3.
Irha?and Ma?una (Precursor and Support) 4. Istidraj and Ikhana (Mischief
and Betrayal) 5. Si?r (Magic) Texts 1. Al-Juwayni: Prophetic Miracles and
Their Conditions, and Proofs for the Saintly Marvels 2. Ibn ?azm: Miracle
as the Evidence of Prophethood and its Differences from Magic and Prophecy
3. Al-Ghazali & Ibn Rushd: Continuity in the Nature and Possibility of
Miracles 4. Ibn Sina: The Secrets of the Extraordinary Events 5. Ibn
al-?Arabi: Extraordinary Events: Miracles, Blessings, and Magic PART V
GOD'S EXISTENCE and UNITY Edited by M. Cüneyt Kaya Istanbul University,
Faculty of Letters, Department of Philosophy Introduction 1. If and How Can
God Be Known? 2. Arguments for the Existence of God A. Ontological Argument
B. Cosmological Arguments: Movement and Beginning to Exist (?uduth) C.
Teleological Argument 3. The Unity of God Texts 1. Al-Raghib al-I?fahani:
The Ways of Knowing God's Existence 2. Ibn Sina: Existence and Its Causes
3. Al-Juwayni: Proving God's Existence from the Createdness of the Universe
4. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Necessity of Knowing God and the Necessity of
Reasoning in Knowing Him 5. Ibn Rushd: The Attempts to Prove the Existence
of God and the Method of the Qur?an 6. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: An Overview of
the Arguments for the Existence of God 7. Ibn al-?Arabi: Existence of God
between Theory and Unveiling PART VI GOD and the UNIVERSE Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Creation and the Order of Beings 2. God's
Maintenance of the Universe 3. The Problem of Evil Texts 1. Ibn Sina:
Creation of the Universe and the Order of Existents 2. Al-Shahrastani:
Creation of the Universe out of Nothing 3. Al-Qay?ari: The Universal Realms
and the Five Levels of Divine Existence 4. Ibn Miskawayh: The Hierarchical
Relation among Existents 5. Al-Ja?i?: Al-Na??am's Thought on Latency (
kumun) 6. Ibn Sina: God as the Essential Cause of Everything Created 7.
Al-Baqillani: The Critique of the Concept of Nature 8. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar:
Divine Justice and Evil in the Universe 9. Al-Nasafi: Creation of Evil 10.
Al-Ghazali: This World Is the Most Perfect World That Could Be PART VII
HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS? Edited by Nail Okuyucu Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence &
Rahim Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of
Philosophy of Religion Introduction 1. Philosophical-Scientific
Explanations and Statements in Religious Texts 2. Religious Texts as the
Source of Moral-Legal Rules Texts 1. Al-Farabi: The Expression of Truth:
The Language of Religion and the Language of Philosophy 2. Al-Ghazali:
Hierarchy of Existence and Interpretation (ta?vil) 3. Ibn Rushd: The Theory
of Interpretation 4. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: Understanding and Interpretation
of Religious Texts 5. Al-Qunawi: Degrees of Understanding with Respect to
Prophetic Knowledge 6. Al-Shafi?i: Understanding the Divine Will:
Perspective on Human Obligations 7. Al-Sha?ibi: The Purpose of Establishing
the Shari?a PART VIII THEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES
Edited by Osman Demir Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Faculty of
Theology, Department of Islamic Theology Introduction 1. Knowing and Naming
God 2. Understanding the Properties Predicated on God A. The Literalist
Understanding of the Properties Attributed to God B. Emphasis on Divine
Transcendence in Expressions Attributed to God C. The Balance of
Transcendence-Immanence in Divine Properties D. Categorizing Divine Names
and Properties Texts 1. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Whether God's Reality Can Be
Known 2. Al-Ghazali: The Possibility of Knowing God and Its Method 3.
Al-Maturidi: Divine Names and Attributes do not Require Similarity to
Creation 4. Al-Kirmani: Can God Be Known Through Attributes? 5. Ibn
Taymiyya: The Salafist Approach to Divine Names and Attributes 6. Ibn
al-Jawzi: Criticism of Anthropomorphism within ?anbalism 7. Qa?i ?Abd
al-Jabbar: The Divine Attributes in the Mu?tazila School of Thought 8. Ibn
Sina: The Attributes of the Necessary Being 9. Al-Qay?ari: The Divine Names
and Attributes 10. ?affar al-Qummi: Imams as the Face of Allah 11.
Al-Fazari: Divine Attributes and the Classification of Attributes in
Kharijism 12. Al-Baqillani: The Concept of Attributes According to the
Ash?arite School PART IX RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY Edited by Ercan Alkan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism & Rahim Acar Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of Religion
Introduction 1. Understanding and Interpreting the Fact of Religious
Diversity 2. Classification of Approaches in Classical Islamic Thought A.
The Theological Approach and Religious Exclusivism B. The Epistemological
Approach and Religious Inclusivism C. The Ontological Approach and
Religious Pluralism Texts 1. Al-Maturidi & Ibn al-Jawzi & Kiya al-Harrasi &
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi & Al-Biqa?i & Bursawi & Al-Alusi: The People of the
Book and the People of the Interval in the Qur?an and the Exegesis 2. Qa?i
?Abd al-Jabbar: The Acts for which a Legally Responsible Person (mukallaf)
is Accountable 3. Ikhwan al-?afa?: Religious Diversity 4.
Al-Shahrastani: From the Uniqueness of the Truth to the Uniqueness of the
True Sect 5. Al-Farabi: Between Religious Pluralism and Religious
Inclusivism 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: Beliefs and States 7. Al-Jili & Al-Nablusi:
The Truth of Religions and Religious Practices 8. Al-Farghani: On the
Oneness of Existence and the Manyness of Belief PART X DEATH and HEREAFTER
Edited by Hümeyra Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology,
Department of History of Philosophy Introduction 1. What is Death? Is Death
Good or Bad? 2. Will the Resurrection Be Physical or Spiritual? 3. The
Individual Identity of the Resurrected Body 4. What Will Happen in the
Afterlife? 5. Rejection of the Transmigration of the Soul 6. The Status of
Children, Animals, and the Mentally Handicapped in the Hereafter Texts 1.
Ibn Miskawayh: Fear from Death, Its Quiddity, and the State of the Soul
after Death 2. Al-Ghazali: The Reality of Death, its Painfulness, and
Obtaining Knowledge of the Reality of Death through Dreams 3. Ibn Sina: On
the Invalidity of Claiming Solely Bodily Resurrection 4. Al-Ghazali: On the
Invalidity of Rational Arguments about the Afterlife 5. Al-Juwayni:
Resurrection After Death 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: The Prophetic Knowledge and the
Barzakh 7. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: The Rejection of the Transmigration of the
Soul 8. Al-Ash?ari: The Fate of Children and Animals
AUTHORS OF THE SELECTED TEXTS PART I RELIGION and REASON Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Faith and Reason 2. The Origin and Nature of
Religion 3. The Relationship between Religious Teachings and
Philosophical-Scientific Theories Texts 1. Al-Shahrastani: The Position of
Doubt in the Face of Faith 2. Al-Ash?ari: A Vindication of the Science of
Kalam 3. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Invalidity of Conjecture in Accepting
Religious Beliefs 4. Al-Ghazali: Evaluation of Different Approaches on the
Relationship of Reason and Revelation 5. Al-Juwayni: Justification of
Prophethood 6. Abu ?atim al-Razi & Abu Bakr al-Razi: Why is There a Need
for a Prophet? 7. Al-Farabi: Religion as a Social Order 8. Ibn al-?Arabi:
The Meaning of Religion and the Status of Prophethood 9. Al-Farabi:
Philosophy, Religion and Theology as Parts of a Hierarchically Ordered
Whole 10. Ibn ?ufayl: Revelation and Reason Are Different Ways that Show
the Same Truth 11. Ibn Rushd: The Final Words on the Relationship between
Philosophy and Religion PART II RELIGION and ETHICS Edited by Hümeyra
Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of History of
Philosophy Introduction 1. The Problem of Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) 2.
The Content of the Moral Knowledge Based on Religion. 3. Moral Sanction
Texts 1. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: The Rationality of Good and Evil 2.
Al-Juwayni: Judgment on Good and Bad (?usn and qub?) can only be Obtained
from Religion 3. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Can Reason Judge Whether Something
is Good or Bad? 4. Al-Maturidi: On the Imperfectness of our Judgements on
the Good and the Bad due to our Ignorance 5. Al-Ghazali: On the
Permissibility of Entities whose Status is not Legally Determined 6. Ibn
al-?Arabi: The Root and The Characteristics of Morality 7. Al-Ja?i?:
Strengthening the Mind with Sanctions Against Desires PART III RELIGIOUS
EXPERIENCE and RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE Edited by M. Nedim Tan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction 1.
Prophetic Guidance and Transmission-based Epistemology 2. Prophethood as a
Potency: A Philosophical Perspective 3. Sufism as a Prophethood-Centered
Religious Experience Texts 1. Al-Maturidi: Sources of Knowledge and the
Necessity of the Prophet 2. Al-Farabi: Dream, Revelation, and Imagination
3. Ibn Sina: On Proving the Prophecy and the Mission of the Prophet 4. Ibn
Sina: Stations of the Knowers 5. Al-Ghazali: Stages of the Perception of
the Truth 6. Al-Qay?ari: Sainthood and the Imaginal World 7. Najm al-Din
Razi: Dreams and Visions PART IV EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS Edited by Ercan Alkan
Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism Introduction
1. Mu?jiza (Miracle) 2. Karama (Blessing/ Divine Gift/Saintly Marvel) 3.
Irha?and Ma?una (Precursor and Support) 4. Istidraj and Ikhana (Mischief
and Betrayal) 5. Si?r (Magic) Texts 1. Al-Juwayni: Prophetic Miracles and
Their Conditions, and Proofs for the Saintly Marvels 2. Ibn ?azm: Miracle
as the Evidence of Prophethood and its Differences from Magic and Prophecy
3. Al-Ghazali & Ibn Rushd: Continuity in the Nature and Possibility of
Miracles 4. Ibn Sina: The Secrets of the Extraordinary Events 5. Ibn
al-?Arabi: Extraordinary Events: Miracles, Blessings, and Magic PART V
GOD'S EXISTENCE and UNITY Edited by M. Cüneyt Kaya Istanbul University,
Faculty of Letters, Department of Philosophy Introduction 1. If and How Can
God Be Known? 2. Arguments for the Existence of God A. Ontological Argument
B. Cosmological Arguments: Movement and Beginning to Exist (?uduth) C.
Teleological Argument 3. The Unity of God Texts 1. Al-Raghib al-I?fahani:
The Ways of Knowing God's Existence 2. Ibn Sina: Existence and Its Causes
3. Al-Juwayni: Proving God's Existence from the Createdness of the Universe
4. Ibn al-Mala?imi: The Necessity of Knowing God and the Necessity of
Reasoning in Knowing Him 5. Ibn Rushd: The Attempts to Prove the Existence
of God and the Method of the Qur?an 6. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: An Overview of
the Arguments for the Existence of God 7. Ibn al-?Arabi: Existence of God
between Theory and Unveiling PART VI GOD and the UNIVERSE Edited by Rahim
Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of
Religion Introduction 1. Creation and the Order of Beings 2. God's
Maintenance of the Universe 3. The Problem of Evil Texts 1. Ibn Sina:
Creation of the Universe and the Order of Existents 2. Al-Shahrastani:
Creation of the Universe out of Nothing 3. Al-Qay?ari: The Universal Realms
and the Five Levels of Divine Existence 4. Ibn Miskawayh: The Hierarchical
Relation among Existents 5. Al-Ja?i?: Al-Na??am's Thought on Latency (
kumun) 6. Ibn Sina: God as the Essential Cause of Everything Created 7.
Al-Baqillani: The Critique of the Concept of Nature 8. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar:
Divine Justice and Evil in the Universe 9. Al-Nasafi: Creation of Evil 10.
Al-Ghazali: This World Is the Most Perfect World That Could Be PART VII
HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS? Edited by Nail Okuyucu Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence &
Rahim Acar Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of
Philosophy of Religion Introduction 1. Philosophical-Scientific
Explanations and Statements in Religious Texts 2. Religious Texts as the
Source of Moral-Legal Rules Texts 1. Al-Farabi: The Expression of Truth:
The Language of Religion and the Language of Philosophy 2. Al-Ghazali:
Hierarchy of Existence and Interpretation (ta?vil) 3. Ibn Rushd: The Theory
of Interpretation 4. Qa?i ?Abd al-Jabbar: Understanding and Interpretation
of Religious Texts 5. Al-Qunawi: Degrees of Understanding with Respect to
Prophetic Knowledge 6. Al-Shafi?i: Understanding the Divine Will:
Perspective on Human Obligations 7. Al-Sha?ibi: The Purpose of Establishing
the Shari?a PART VIII THEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES
Edited by Osman Demir Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Faculty of
Theology, Department of Islamic Theology Introduction 1. Knowing and Naming
God 2. Understanding the Properties Predicated on God A. The Literalist
Understanding of the Properties Attributed to God B. Emphasis on Divine
Transcendence in Expressions Attributed to God C. The Balance of
Transcendence-Immanence in Divine Properties D. Categorizing Divine Names
and Properties Texts 1. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Whether God's Reality Can Be
Known 2. Al-Ghazali: The Possibility of Knowing God and Its Method 3.
Al-Maturidi: Divine Names and Attributes do not Require Similarity to
Creation 4. Al-Kirmani: Can God Be Known Through Attributes? 5. Ibn
Taymiyya: The Salafist Approach to Divine Names and Attributes 6. Ibn
al-Jawzi: Criticism of Anthropomorphism within ?anbalism 7. Qa?i ?Abd
al-Jabbar: The Divine Attributes in the Mu?tazila School of Thought 8. Ibn
Sina: The Attributes of the Necessary Being 9. Al-Qay?ari: The Divine Names
and Attributes 10. ?affar al-Qummi: Imams as the Face of Allah 11.
Al-Fazari: Divine Attributes and the Classification of Attributes in
Kharijism 12. Al-Baqillani: The Concept of Attributes According to the
Ash?arite School PART IX RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY Edited by Ercan Alkan Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Sufism & Rahim Acar Marmara
University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Philosophy of Religion
Introduction 1. Understanding and Interpreting the Fact of Religious
Diversity 2. Classification of Approaches in Classical Islamic Thought A.
The Theological Approach and Religious Exclusivism B. The Epistemological
Approach and Religious Inclusivism C. The Ontological Approach and
Religious Pluralism Texts 1. Al-Maturidi & Ibn al-Jawzi & Kiya al-Harrasi &
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi & Al-Biqa?i & Bursawi & Al-Alusi: The People of the
Book and the People of the Interval in the Qur?an and the Exegesis 2. Qa?i
?Abd al-Jabbar: The Acts for which a Legally Responsible Person (mukallaf)
is Accountable 3. Ikhwan al-?afa?: Religious Diversity 4.
Al-Shahrastani: From the Uniqueness of the Truth to the Uniqueness of the
True Sect 5. Al-Farabi: Between Religious Pluralism and Religious
Inclusivism 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: Beliefs and States 7. Al-Jili & Al-Nablusi:
The Truth of Religions and Religious Practices 8. Al-Farghani: On the
Oneness of Existence and the Manyness of Belief PART X DEATH and HEREAFTER
Edited by Hümeyra Özturan Marmara University, Faculty of Theology,
Department of History of Philosophy Introduction 1. What is Death? Is Death
Good or Bad? 2. Will the Resurrection Be Physical or Spiritual? 3. The
Individual Identity of the Resurrected Body 4. What Will Happen in the
Afterlife? 5. Rejection of the Transmigration of the Soul 6. The Status of
Children, Animals, and the Mentally Handicapped in the Hereafter Texts 1.
Ibn Miskawayh: Fear from Death, Its Quiddity, and the State of the Soul
after Death 2. Al-Ghazali: The Reality of Death, its Painfulness, and
Obtaining Knowledge of the Reality of Death through Dreams 3. Ibn Sina: On
the Invalidity of Claiming Solely Bodily Resurrection 4. Al-Ghazali: On the
Invalidity of Rational Arguments about the Afterlife 5. Al-Juwayni:
Resurrection After Death 6. Ibn al-?Arabi: The Prophetic Knowledge and the
Barzakh 7. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: The Rejection of the Transmigration of the
Soul 8. Al-Ash?ari: The Fate of Children and Animals