A practical guide to improving photovoltaic power plant lifecycle performance and output Photovoltaic (PV) System Delivery as Reliable Energy Infrastructure introduces a Preemptive Analytical Maintenance (PAM) for photovoltaic systems engineering, and the Repowering(TM) planning approach, as a structured integrated system delivery process. A team of veteran photovoltaics professionals delivers a robust discussion of the lessons learned from mature industries--including PV, aerospace, utilities, rail, marine, and automotive--as applied to the photovoltaic industry. The book offers real-world…mehr
A practical guide to improving photovoltaic power plant lifecycle performance and output Photovoltaic (PV) System Delivery as Reliable Energy Infrastructure introduces a Preemptive Analytical Maintenance (PAM) for photovoltaic systems engineering, and the Repowering(TM) planning approach, as a structured integrated system delivery process. A team of veteran photovoltaics professionals delivers a robust discussion of the lessons learned from mature industries--including PV, aerospace, utilities, rail, marine, and automotive--as applied to the photovoltaic industry. The book offers real-world "technical and fiscal" examples of the impact of photovoltaics to all stakeholders during the concept, specification, operations, maintenance, and Repowering(TM) phases. In each chapter, readers will learn to develop RAMS specifications, reliability data collection, and tasks while becoming familiar with the inherent benefits of how these affect the cost of design and development, maintenance, spares, and systems operation. The authors also explain when and how to consider and implement Repowering(TM), plant upgrades and the considerations from concept through retirement and disposal of the plant. Readers will also find: * A thorough introduction to Preemptive Analytical Maintenance (PAM), including systems engineering, lifecycle planning, risk management, risk assessment, risk reduction, as compared to the historic utility models, * An in-depth treatment of the modern photovoltaic industry, including economic factors and the present endlessly evolving state of technology, * Constructive discussions and application of systems engineering, including RAMS and System Engineering practices and solutions, * Extensive explorations and application of data collection, curation, and analysis for PV systems, including advanced sensor technologies. Perfect for all new through to experienced photovoltaic design and specification engineers, photovoltaic plant owners, operators, PV asset managers and all interested stakeholders. Photovoltaic (PV) System Delivery as Reliable Energy Infrastructure will also earn a place in the libraries of utilities, engineering, procurements, construction professionals and students.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
John R. Balfour, BS, MEP, PhD, System Conformity Assessment & Resource Expert in the PV Sector of the US National Committee of the IECRE, President High Performance PV. Invested four decades in advancing delivery of more reliable, higher performing infrastructure grade PV/Energy Storage Systems (ESS) to produce greater lifecycle asset value, operational resilience, and cash flow. This work helped bring improvements in system specification, design, construction, and O&M by redefining PV Repowering(TM) a system engineering (SE)/planning process delivering decades of system Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS), risk prevention, reduction, plant and energy optimization strategies. Russell W. Morris, BSEE, MSSE, SM-IEEE, M-INCOSE, is a Retired Technical Fellow in RAM/SE Engineering consultant with over 35 years' experience in the field of medical, aerospace, and solar power reliability and maintainability and 15 years as an engineer and technician. Responsible for Proposals, Design Analysis, Modeling, Assessment, Allocations and Root Cause Analysis for Reliability, Availability and Maintainability requirements for systems/subsystems such as flight controls, hydraulics, hydrodynamic power generation, PV systems and Solar Arrays, vehicle management systems, navigation, communications, structures, software, one-shot systems, and propulsion systems. He has addressed professionals and students at the University of Texas, AIAA, IEEE PVSC, IEEE IRPS, IEEE ISSRE, ARS and several symposia and Universities in the U.S. and China. He has also taught RAM topics for Boeing suppliers in Italy, England, India, Australia, and multiple sites within the United States.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxiii 1 Assessing PV Industry Challenges 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Terminology 2 1.3 Preventive Analytic Maintenance 3 1.4 Current State of the Industry 5 1.5 Defining Failure and Success 6 1.6 Application of PAM 17 1.7 Cost Control Considerations 18 1.8 Project Versus System Delivery Process 21 1.9 PAM Concept 24 1.10 Challenges Today with the Bidding Process 25 Bibliography 35 Notes 36 2 PV System Delivery Process 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 PAM PV System Delivery Process 42 2.3 PV Plant Commissioning 64 2.4 Universal Real-Time Data (URTD) and Data Sharing 71 2.5 PV Plant Lifecycle 76 2.6 Standard Test Conditions 77 2.7 Capacity and Capability 78 2.8 Addressing the Gaps 82 2.9 Masking and Its Impact 85 2.10 System Design Assumptions Drive Plant Fiscal Performance 87 2.11 Conclusion 89 Bibliography 90 Notes 90 3 Current PV Component Technologies 93 Key Chapter Points 93 Key Impacts 93 3.1 Component Selection 93 3.2 Present State of Technology 97 3.3 Manufacturing Risk 100 3.4 Primary Technologies Discussion 121 3.5 Inverters 134 3.6 Equipment Removal, Disposal, and Recycling 142 Bibliography 147 Notes 147 4 SE/Repowering TM Planning Process 149 Key Chapter Points 149 Key Chapter Impacts 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 What Is the SE/Repowering TM Process? 152 4.3 There Is a Continuous and Contentious Complaint about Lifecycle Performance 156 4.4 Cannibalization 162 4.5 Impacts of SE/Repowering TM 163 4.6 Types of SE/Repowering TM 166 4.7 Preemptive Analytical Maintenance SE/Repowering TM System Planning 175 4.8 RAMS for SE/Repowering TM 176 4.9 SE/Repowering TM Considerations 184 4.10 Technology Fatigue 196 4.11 Data Collection 197 Bibliography 202 Notes 202 5 System Engineering 205 5.1 Introduction 205 5.2 Why Systems Engineering 206 5.3 SE Process 210 5.4 Project Phases Overview 218 5.5 Systems Engineering Tools 220 5.6 System Versus Project Delivery Method 227 5.7 Conclusion 264 Bibliography 265 Notes 267 6 Reliability 271 6.1 Introduction 271 6.2 Why Reliability 272 6.3 Success/Failure 274 6.4 Overview 280 6.5 Reliability 282 6.6 Stakeholder Needs 284 6.7 Reliability Predictions, Analysis, and Assessments 287 6.8 Reliability Program Plan 293 6.9 Reliability Mathematics 295 6.10 Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD) 307 6.11 Fault Trees 311 6.12 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 311 6.13 Failure Reporting and Corrective System (FRACAS) and the PV SCADA 324 6.14 Root Cause Analysis 325 6.15 Data Analysis 326 6.16 Reliability Predictions 334 6.17 Derating 337 6.18 Reliability Testing 338 6.19 Summary 341 Bibliography 342 Notes 345 7 Maintainability 347 7.1 Introduction 347 7.2 Responsibility for Maintainability 350 7.3 Types of Maintenance 350 7.4 Maintenance Cost 355 7.4.1 Run to Failure 356 7.5 Typical Maintenance Flow 357 7.6 Additional Maintenance Metrics 364 7.7 Available Maintenance Time 364 7.8 Maintenance-Driven Availability 365 7.9 Preventive Maintenance (PM) 371 7.10 Customer-Generated Maintenance 371 7.11 Energy Storage 373 7.12 Spares 374 7.13 Testability 379 7.14 Maintenance and Testability Specifications 384 7.15 Conclusion 386 Bibliography 386 Notes 387 8 Availability 389 8.1 Introduction 389 8.2 Why Measure Component Availability 391 8.3 Information Categories for Plant Availability (Unavailability) 395 8.4 Types of Availability 395 8.5 Confusion With Availability Metrics 403 8.6 Grid Availability 404 8.7 Specifications 404 8.8 Conclusion 406 Bibliography 406 Notes 407 9 Energy Storage System (ESS) 409 Key Chapter Points 409 Key Chapter Impacts 409 9.1 Introduction Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) 410 9.2 Applications of Energy Storage 412 9.3 Batteries 414 9.4 Components of an Energy Storage System 423 9.5 Battery Management System (BMS) 426 9.6 Battery Thermal Management 427 9.7 ESS Cost 429 9.8 Reliability 432 9.9 ESS Maintenance and Operational Considerations 433 9.10 Considerations 437 9.11 Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage 439 9.12 Summary 441 Bibliography 441 Notes 442 10 Data Collection 443 Key Chapter Points 443 Key Impacts 443 10.1 Introduction 443 10.2 Reducing Risk Begins with Data 446 10.3 Shared RAMS Data 450 10.4 Stakeholders 451 10.5 Anonymized Plant Data 452 10.6 Stakeholder Business Case for Sharing Reliability Data 452 10.7 The Level Necessary to Control Costs and Improve PV Systems 455 10.8 Monitoring for Better Data, Security, and Plant Cost Control 455 10.9 Data Analysis 457 10.10 Data Presentation 459 10.11 Process 461 10.12 Implementation 463 10.13 The Monitoring Plan 465 10.14 Warranty Issues 469 10.15 Synthetic Data 470 10.16 Conclusion 471 10.A Appendix 471 Bibliography 472 Notes 473 11 Operations and Maintenance (O&M) 475 11.1 Introduction 475 11.2 Safety 477 11.3 Reliability 480 11.4 Availability 482 11.5 Maintainability 483 11.6 Testability 484 11.7 Project Development 486 11.8 O&M Plan 486 11.9 Conclusion 497 11.A Appendix A: Photovoltaic Fires Calculation Methodology 498 11.B Appendix B: Operations Scope Example (Source: Courtesy of Higher Powered LLC) 500 11.C Appendix C: Maintenance Scope Example 503 Bibliography 514 Notes 515 Glossary 517 Index 527
