Photovoltaic Solar Energy From Fundamentals to Applications Contemporary overview of photovoltaic (PV) technology innovations from materials to modules and grid integration Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments. Key Features: * Written by…mehr
Photovoltaic Solar Energy From Fundamentals to Applications Contemporary overview of photovoltaic (PV) technology innovations from materials to modules and grid integration Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments. Key Features: * Written by leading Specialists active in current developments in material sciences, solar cell research and application-driven R&D. * Provides a basic knowledge base in light, photons and solar irradiance and basic functional principles of PV. * Covers characterization techniques, economics and applications of PV such as silicon, thin-film and hybrid solar cells. * Presents a Compendium PV technologies including: crystalline silicon technologies; chalcogenide thin film solar cells; thin-film silicon-based PV technologies; organic PV and III-Vs; PV concentrator technologies; space technologies and economics, life-cycle and user aspects of PV technologies. * Each chapter presents basic principles and formulas as well as major technological developments in a contemporary context with a look at future developments in this rapidly changing field of science and engineering. Ideal for Industrial engineers and scientists beginning a career in PV as well as graduate students undertaking PV research, and high-level undergraduate students.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
ANGÈLE REINDERS, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands PIERRE VERLINDEN, Trina Solar, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China WILFRIED VAN SARK, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands ALEXANDRE FREUNDLICH, University of Houston, Texas, USA
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xxvii Foreword xxxii Acknowledgments xxxiv About the Companion Website xxxv Part One Introduction to Photovoltaics 1 1.1 Introduction 3 Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden Part Two Basic Functional Principles of Photovoltaics 13 2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15 Angèle Reinders 2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21 Pierre J. Verlinden 2.3 Absorption and Generation 32 Seth Hubbard 2.4 Recombination 39 Seth Hubbard 2.5 Carrier Transport 47 Seth Hubbard 2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54 Seth Hubbard Part Three Crystalline Silicon Technologies 67 3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69 Andreas Fell 3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80 Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin 3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92 Pierre Verlinden 3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104 Wilfried van Sark 3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114 Bram Hoex 3.6 Passivated Contacts 125 Martin Hermle 3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136 Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard 3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150 Pietro Altermatt 3.9 Advanced Concepts 160 Martin Green Part Four Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 167 4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169 Susanne Siebentritt 4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179 Sylvain Marsillac 4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190 Negar Naghavi 4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204 William Shafarman Part Five Thin Film Silicon Based PV Technologies 213 5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215 Etienne Moulin, Jan Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif 5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226 Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann 5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238 Franz Haug 5.4 New Future Concepts 248 Jan Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif Part Six Organic Photovoltaics 255 6.1 Solid State Organic Photovoltaics 257 Bernard Kippelen 6.2 Hybrid and Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 267 Woojun Yoon 6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277 Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith 6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292 Veronique S. Gevaerts Part Seven Characterization and Measurements Methods 303 7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305 Halden Field 7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322 Thorsten Trupke 7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity, and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339 Henner Kampwerth 7.4 In situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350 Angus Rockett 7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362 Geoffrey S. Kinsey Part Eight III Vs and PV Concentrator Technologies 371 8.1 III V Solar Cells - Materials, Multi Junction Cells - Cell Design and Performance 373 Frank Dimroth 8.2 New and Future III V Cells and Concepts 383 Simon Fafard 8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396 Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook 8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411 Geoffrey S. Kinsey 8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420 Michael Debije Part Nine Space Technologies 431 9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433 Rob Walters 9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444 Phillip Jenkins 9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455 David Wilt 9.3.1 Current Status and Near Term Challenges/Opportunities 455 Part Ten PV Modules and Manufacturing 463 10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465 Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans 10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478 Michael Kempe 10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491 Sarah Kurtz 10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502 Pierre Verlinden Part Eleven PV Systems and Applications 511 11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513 Greg J. Ball 11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530 Chris Deline 11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539 Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp 11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553 Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis 11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564 Joshua S. Stein 11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579 Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts 11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590 Angèle Reinders and Georgia Apostolou Part Twelve PV Deployment in Distribution Grids 601 12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603 Albert van den Noort 12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612 Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale Part Thirteen Supporting Methods and Tools 621 13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623 Matthew Campbell 13.2 People's Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634 Barbara van Mierlo 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646 Vasilis Fthenakis 13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658 Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark Index 672
List of Contributors xxvii Foreword xxxii Acknowledgments xxxiv About the Companion Website xxxv Part One Introduction to Photovoltaics 1 1.1 Introduction 3 Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden Part Two Basic Functional Principles of Photovoltaics 13 2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15 Angèle Reinders 2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21 Pierre J. Verlinden 2.3 Absorption and Generation 32 Seth Hubbard 2.4 Recombination 39 Seth Hubbard 2.5 Carrier Transport 47 Seth Hubbard 2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54 Seth Hubbard Part Three Crystalline Silicon Technologies 67 3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69 Andreas Fell 3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80 Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin 3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92 Pierre Verlinden 3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104 Wilfried van Sark 3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114 Bram Hoex 3.6 Passivated Contacts 125 Martin Hermle 3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136 Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard 3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150 Pietro Altermatt 3.9 Advanced Concepts 160 Martin Green Part Four Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 167 4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169 Susanne Siebentritt 4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179 Sylvain Marsillac 4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190 Negar Naghavi 4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204 William Shafarman Part Five Thin Film Silicon Based PV Technologies 213 5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215 Etienne Moulin, Jan Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif 5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226 Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann 5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238 Franz Haug 5.4 New Future Concepts 248 Jan Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif Part Six Organic Photovoltaics 255 6.1 Solid State Organic Photovoltaics 257 Bernard Kippelen 6.2 Hybrid and Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 267 Woojun Yoon 6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277 Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith 6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292 Veronique S. Gevaerts Part Seven Characterization and Measurements Methods 303 7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305 Halden Field 7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322 Thorsten Trupke 7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity, and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339 Henner Kampwerth 7.4 In situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350 Angus Rockett 7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362 Geoffrey S. Kinsey Part Eight III Vs and PV Concentrator Technologies 371 8.1 III V Solar Cells - Materials, Multi Junction Cells - Cell Design and Performance 373 Frank Dimroth 8.2 New and Future III V Cells and Concepts 383 Simon Fafard 8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396 Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook 8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411 Geoffrey S. Kinsey 8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420 Michael Debije Part Nine Space Technologies 431 9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433 Rob Walters 9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444 Phillip Jenkins 9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455 David Wilt 9.3.1 Current Status and Near Term Challenges/Opportunities 455 Part Ten PV Modules and Manufacturing 463 10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465 Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans 10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478 Michael Kempe 10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491 Sarah Kurtz 10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502 Pierre Verlinden Part Eleven PV Systems and Applications 511 11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513 Greg J. Ball 11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530 Chris Deline 11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539 Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp 11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553 Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis 11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564 Joshua S. Stein 11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579 Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts 11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590 Angèle Reinders and Georgia Apostolou Part Twelve PV Deployment in Distribution Grids 601 12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603 Albert van den Noort 12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612 Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale Part Thirteen Supporting Methods and Tools 621 13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623 Matthew Campbell 13.2 People's Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634 Barbara van Mierlo 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646 Vasilis Fthenakis 13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658 Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark Index 672
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