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This book, Plant Breeding , has it bases in an earliertext entitled An Introduction to Plant Breeding by JackBrown and Peter Caligari, first published in 2008. The challengesfacing today's plant breeders have never been moreoverwhelming, yet the prospects to contribute significantly toglobal food security and farmers' quality of life have neverbeen more exciting and fulfilling. Despite this there hasbeen a worrying decline in public funding for plantbreeding-related research and support for internationalcenters of germplasm development and crop improvement. In part, this has resulted in a…mehr
This book, Plant Breeding , has it bases in an earliertext entitled An Introduction to Plant Breeding by JackBrown and Peter Caligari, first published in 2008. The challengesfacing today's plant breeders have never been moreoverwhelming, yet the prospects to contribute significantly toglobal food security and farmers' quality of life have neverbeen more exciting and fulfilling. Despite this there hasbeen a worrying decline in public funding for plantbreeding-related research and support for internationalcenters of germplasm development and crop improvement. In part, this has resulted in a serious reduction in the number ofyoung people interested in devoting their professional careers toplant breeding as well as the number of universities offering plantbreeding courses or conducting relevant research in plantbreeding.
The authors' aim in writing this book is to provide anintegrated and updated view of the current scientific progressrelated to diverse plant breeding disciplines, within the contextof applied breeding programs. This excellent new book willencourage a new generation of students to pursue careers related toplant breeding and will assist a wider audience of agriculturalstudents, agronomists, policy makers and those with an interest inagriculture in gaining insight about the issues affecting plantbreeding and its key role in improving the quality of life ofpeople and in securing sufficient food, at the quality required andat an affordable price.
With comprehensive coverage including questions designed forstudents, and an accompanying website containing additionalmaterial to help in the study of the subject, Plant Breeding is an ideal text for all those studying plant and crop sciences,and a convenient reference source for professionals working in thearea. All libraries within universities and research establishmentswhere biological and agricultural sciences are studied and taughtshould have multiple copies of this book.
The authors' aim in writing this book is to provide anintegrated and updated view of the current scientific progressrelated to diverse plant breeding disciplines, within the contextof applied breeding programs. This excellent new book willencourage a new generation of students to pursue careers related toplant breeding and will assist a wider audience of agriculturalstudents, agronomists, policy makers and those with an interest inagriculture in gaining insight about the issues affecting plantbreeding and its key role in improving the quality of life ofpeople and in securing sufficient food, at the quality required andat an affordable price.
With comprehensive coverage including questions designed forstudents, and an accompanying website containing additionalmaterial to help in the study of the subject, Plant Breeding is an ideal text for all those studying plant and crop sciences,and a convenient reference source for professionals working in thearea. All libraries within universities and research establishmentswhere biological and agricultural sciences are studied and taughtshould have multiple copies of this book.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 2. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 304
- Erscheinungstermin: 17. November 2014
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 248mm x 189mm x 17mm
- Gewicht: 513g
- ISBN-13: 9780470658307
- ISBN-10: 0470658304
- Artikelnr.: 39218904
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 2. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 304
- Erscheinungstermin: 17. November 2014
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 248mm x 189mm x 17mm
- Gewicht: 513g
- ISBN-13: 9780470658307
- ISBN-10: 0470658304
- Artikelnr.: 39218904
Jack Brown, Full Professor, Plant Breeding & Genetics, University of Idaho, USA. HNC Mathematics & Statistics, Napier College, Edinburgh, Scotland; MSc and PhD at St Andrews University, St Andrews, Scotland. Professor Brown has over 40 years of experience working as a plant breeder in the public and private sector and has developed and released cultivars of barley, potato, canola, mustard and wheat. Professor Brown currently teaches upper division and graduate classes in plant breeding, genetics, and field crop production. Peter Caligari, Full Professor, University of Talca, Chile. BSc, PhD and DSc at University of Birmingham, UK. Professor Caligari has over 40 years of research experience in, and application of, genetics and plant breeding in a range of crops including potatoes, cashew nuts, oil palm, lupins, strawberries and blueberries, and extensive teaching experience including plant breeding and genetics at the graduate and post-graduate level. Hugo Campos, Fellow, Monsanto, Chile. BSc at Universidad Austral de Chile, PhD at the John Innes Centre, UK, MBA at Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile. Dr Campos has over 24 years of experience in plant biotechnology, crop breeding and product development in industry, academia and international agricultural development.
Preface xi About the companion website xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1
Requirements of plant breeders 1 1.2 Evolution of crop species 4 1.2.1 Why
did hunter-gatherers become farmers? 4 1.2.2 What crops were involved? And
when did they arise? 5 1.3 Natural and human selection 8 1.4 Contribution
of modern plant breeders 8 Think questions 11 2 Modes of Reproduction and
Types of Cultivar 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Modes of reproduction 15 2.2.1
Sexual reproduction 15 2.2.2 Asexual reproduction 16 2.3 Types of cultivar
17 2.3.1 Pure-line cultivars 17 2.3.2 Open-pollinated cultivars 17 2.3.3
Hybrid cultivars 18 2.3.4 Clonal cultivars 18 2.3.5 Synthetic cultivars 18
2.3.6 Multiline cultivars 18 2.3.7 Composite-cross cultivars 19 2.4 Annuals
and perennials 19 2.5 Reproductive sterility 19 Think questions 19 3
Breeding Objectives 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 People, politics and
economic criteria 22 3.3 Grower profitability 25 3.3.1 Increasing
harvestable yield 26 3.3.2 Selection for yield increase 27 3.4 Increasing
end-use quality 28 3.4.1 Testing for end-use quality 30 3.5 Increasing pest
and disease resistance 31 3.6 Types of plant resistance 34 3.7 Mechanisms
for disease resistance 35 3.8 Testing plant resistance 36 3.9 Conclusions
38 Think questions 38 4 Breeding Schemes 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2
Development of pure-line cultivars 40 4.2.1 Homozygosity 41 4.2.2 Breeding
schemes for pure-line cultivars 43 4.2.3 Number of segregating families and
selections 46 4.2.4 Seed increases for cultivar release 46 4.3 Developing
multiline cultivars 47 4.3.1 Backcrossing 48 4.4 Development of
open-pollinated population cultivars 49 4.4.1 Breeding schemes for
open-pollinating population cultivars 49 4.4.2 Backcrossing in
open-pollinated population cultivar development 51 4.5 Developing synthetic
cultivars 51 4.5.1 Seed production of a synthetic cultivar 53 4.6
Developing hybrid cultivars 53 4.6.1 Heterosis 55 4.6.2 Types of hybrid 58
4.6.3 Breeding system for F1 hybrid cultivars 58 4.6.4 Backcrossing in
hybrid cultivar development 59 4.6.5 Hybrid seed production and cultivar
release 60 4.7 Development of clonal cultivars 61 4.7.1 Outline of a potato
breeding scheme 61 4.7.2 Time to develop clonal cultivars 62 4.7.3 Sexual
reproduction in clonal crops 63 4.7.4 Maintaining disease-free parental
lines and breeding selections 64 4.7.5 Seed increase of clonal cultivars 64
4.8 Developing apomictic cultivars 64 4.9 Summary 65 Think questions 65 5
Genetics and Plant Breeding 68 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Qualitative genetics
68 5.2.1 Genotype/phenotype relationships 70 5.2.2 Segregation of
qualitative genes in diploid species 70 5.2.3 Qualitative loci linkage 72
5.2.4 Pleiotropy 76 5.2.5 Epistasis 76 5.2.6 Qualitative inheritance in
tetraploid species 77 5.2.7 The chi-square test 79 5.2.8 Family size
necessary in qualitative genetic studies 81 5.3 Quantitative genetics 82
5.3.1 The basis of continuous variation 82 5.3.2 Describing continuous
variation 83 5.3.3 Relating quantitative genetics and the normal
distribution 86 5.3.4 Quantitative genetics models 87 5.3.5 Testing the
models 90 5.3.6 Quantitative trait loci 97 Think questions 101 6
Predictions 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.1.1 Genotype × environment
interactions 104 6.1.2 Genetically based predictions 105 6.2 Heritability
106 6.2.1 Broad-sense heritability 107 6.2.2 Narrow-sense heritability 108
6.2.3 Heritability from offspring - parent regression 109 6.3 Diallel
crossing designs 110 6.3.1 Griffing's analysis 111 6.3.2 Hayman and Jinks'
analysis 116 6.4 Cross prediction 119 Think questions 120 7 Selection 125
7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 What to select and when to select 125 7.2.1
Qualitative trait selection 126 7.2.2 Quantitative trait selection 126
7.2.3 Positive and negative selection 126 7.3 Response to selection 127
7.3.1 Association between traits or years 129 7.3.2 Heritability and its
limitations 130 7.3.3 Methods of selection 131 7.3.4 Errors in selection
133 7.4 Applied selection 136 7.4.1 Number of genotypes in initial
populations 136 7.4.2 Early generation selection 139 7.4.3 Intermediate
generation selection 141 7.4.4 Advanced generation selection 143 7.4.5
Analysis of location trials 146 7.5 Cross prediction 151 7.5.1 Univariate
cross prediction 152 7.5.2 Multivariate cross prediction 157 7.6 Parental
selection 159 7.6.1 Phenotypic evaluation 160 7.6.2 Genotypic evaluation
160 7.6.3 Parental combinations 161 7.6.4 Germplasm collections 162 Think
questions 163 8 Broadening the Genetic Basis 168 8.1 Induced mutations 168
8.1.1 Methods of increasing the frequency of mutation 169 8.1.2 Types of
mutation 169 8.1.3 Plant parts to be treated 170 8.1.4 Dose rates 170 8.1.5
Dangers of using mutagens 171 8.1.6 Impact of mutation breeding 171 8.1.7
Practical applications 172 8.2 Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization
174 8.2.1 Characters introduced to crops from wild related species 174
8.2.2 Factors involved in interspecific or intergeneric hybridization 175
8.2.3 Post-fertilization 176 8.2.4 Hybrid sterility 176 8.2.5 Backcrossing
176 8.2.6 Increasing genetic diversity 177 8.2.7 Creating new species 177
8.3 Plant genetic transformation 177 8.3.1 A glimpse at the genetic
transformation of plants 179 8.3.2 Some applications of genetic engineering
to plant breeding 181 8.3.3 Cautions and related issues 183 Think questions
183 9 Contemporary Approaches in Plant Breeding 185 9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Tissue culture 185 9.2.1 Doubled haploids 185 9.2.2 Some potential
issues 186 9.2.3 In vitro multiplication 188 9.3 Molecular markers in plant
breeding 188 9.3.1 Theory of using markers 188 9.3.2 Types of marker
systems 190 9.3.3 Molecular markers 191 9.3.4 Uses of molecular markers in
breeding programmes 192 9.3.5 Issues with markers 195 9.3.6 The increasing
availability of genome sequences 195 Think questions 197 10 Practical
Considerations 198 10.1 Introduction 198 10.2 Experimental design 198
10.2.1 Unreplicated designs 199 10.2.2 Randomized designs 201 10.2.3 The
increasing role of linear mixed model approaches to analyse breeding data
203 10.3 Greenhouse management 204 10.3.1 Artificial hybridization 204
10.3.2 Seed and generation increases 206 10.3.3 Evaluation of breeding
lines 206 10.3.4 Environmental control 207 10.3.5 Disease control 207
10.3.6 Economics 208 10.3.7 Experimental design in the glasshouse 209 10.4
Field plot techniques 209 10.4.1 Choice of land 209 10.4.2 Plot size and
replication 211 10.4.3 Guard rows and discard rows 212 10.4.4 Machinery 212
10.5 Use of computers in plant breeding 214 10.5.1 Data storage and
retrieval 215 10.5.2 Field plan design 217 10.5.3 Clerical operations 217
10.5.4 Data collection 217 10.5.5 Data analysis 218 10.5.6 Selection 219
10.5.7 Data transfer 220 10.5.8 Statistical consultation 220 10.5.9 Ease of
use 220 10.6 Release of new cultivars 220 10.6.1 Information needed prior
to cultivar release 221 10.6.2 Value in release 221 10.6.3 Cultivar names
222 Think questions 222 11 Current Developments in Plant Breeding 223 11.1
Intellectual property and ownership issues 223 11.1.1 Patents 223 11.2 The
impact of biotechnology 225 11.3 The regulation of genetically modified
plants 227 11.4 Plant breeding as a career 228 Further Reading 229
Suggested Answers to Think Questions 230 Index 271
Requirements of plant breeders 1 1.2 Evolution of crop species 4 1.2.1 Why
did hunter-gatherers become farmers? 4 1.2.2 What crops were involved? And
when did they arise? 5 1.3 Natural and human selection 8 1.4 Contribution
of modern plant breeders 8 Think questions 11 2 Modes of Reproduction and
Types of Cultivar 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Modes of reproduction 15 2.2.1
Sexual reproduction 15 2.2.2 Asexual reproduction 16 2.3 Types of cultivar
17 2.3.1 Pure-line cultivars 17 2.3.2 Open-pollinated cultivars 17 2.3.3
Hybrid cultivars 18 2.3.4 Clonal cultivars 18 2.3.5 Synthetic cultivars 18
2.3.6 Multiline cultivars 18 2.3.7 Composite-cross cultivars 19 2.4 Annuals
and perennials 19 2.5 Reproductive sterility 19 Think questions 19 3
Breeding Objectives 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 People, politics and
economic criteria 22 3.3 Grower profitability 25 3.3.1 Increasing
harvestable yield 26 3.3.2 Selection for yield increase 27 3.4 Increasing
end-use quality 28 3.4.1 Testing for end-use quality 30 3.5 Increasing pest
and disease resistance 31 3.6 Types of plant resistance 34 3.7 Mechanisms
for disease resistance 35 3.8 Testing plant resistance 36 3.9 Conclusions
38 Think questions 38 4 Breeding Schemes 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2
Development of pure-line cultivars 40 4.2.1 Homozygosity 41 4.2.2 Breeding
schemes for pure-line cultivars 43 4.2.3 Number of segregating families and
selections 46 4.2.4 Seed increases for cultivar release 46 4.3 Developing
multiline cultivars 47 4.3.1 Backcrossing 48 4.4 Development of
open-pollinated population cultivars 49 4.4.1 Breeding schemes for
open-pollinating population cultivars 49 4.4.2 Backcrossing in
open-pollinated population cultivar development 51 4.5 Developing synthetic
cultivars 51 4.5.1 Seed production of a synthetic cultivar 53 4.6
Developing hybrid cultivars 53 4.6.1 Heterosis 55 4.6.2 Types of hybrid 58
4.6.3 Breeding system for F1 hybrid cultivars 58 4.6.4 Backcrossing in
hybrid cultivar development 59 4.6.5 Hybrid seed production and cultivar
release 60 4.7 Development of clonal cultivars 61 4.7.1 Outline of a potato
breeding scheme 61 4.7.2 Time to develop clonal cultivars 62 4.7.3 Sexual
reproduction in clonal crops 63 4.7.4 Maintaining disease-free parental
lines and breeding selections 64 4.7.5 Seed increase of clonal cultivars 64
4.8 Developing apomictic cultivars 64 4.9 Summary 65 Think questions 65 5
Genetics and Plant Breeding 68 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Qualitative genetics
68 5.2.1 Genotype/phenotype relationships 70 5.2.2 Segregation of
qualitative genes in diploid species 70 5.2.3 Qualitative loci linkage 72
5.2.4 Pleiotropy 76 5.2.5 Epistasis 76 5.2.6 Qualitative inheritance in
tetraploid species 77 5.2.7 The chi-square test 79 5.2.8 Family size
necessary in qualitative genetic studies 81 5.3 Quantitative genetics 82
5.3.1 The basis of continuous variation 82 5.3.2 Describing continuous
variation 83 5.3.3 Relating quantitative genetics and the normal
distribution 86 5.3.4 Quantitative genetics models 87 5.3.5 Testing the
models 90 5.3.6 Quantitative trait loci 97 Think questions 101 6
Predictions 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.1.1 Genotype × environment
interactions 104 6.1.2 Genetically based predictions 105 6.2 Heritability
106 6.2.1 Broad-sense heritability 107 6.2.2 Narrow-sense heritability 108
6.2.3 Heritability from offspring - parent regression 109 6.3 Diallel
crossing designs 110 6.3.1 Griffing's analysis 111 6.3.2 Hayman and Jinks'
analysis 116 6.4 Cross prediction 119 Think questions 120 7 Selection 125
7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 What to select and when to select 125 7.2.1
Qualitative trait selection 126 7.2.2 Quantitative trait selection 126
7.2.3 Positive and negative selection 126 7.3 Response to selection 127
7.3.1 Association between traits or years 129 7.3.2 Heritability and its
limitations 130 7.3.3 Methods of selection 131 7.3.4 Errors in selection
133 7.4 Applied selection 136 7.4.1 Number of genotypes in initial
populations 136 7.4.2 Early generation selection 139 7.4.3 Intermediate
generation selection 141 7.4.4 Advanced generation selection 143 7.4.5
Analysis of location trials 146 7.5 Cross prediction 151 7.5.1 Univariate
cross prediction 152 7.5.2 Multivariate cross prediction 157 7.6 Parental
selection 159 7.6.1 Phenotypic evaluation 160 7.6.2 Genotypic evaluation
160 7.6.3 Parental combinations 161 7.6.4 Germplasm collections 162 Think
questions 163 8 Broadening the Genetic Basis 168 8.1 Induced mutations 168
8.1.1 Methods of increasing the frequency of mutation 169 8.1.2 Types of
mutation 169 8.1.3 Plant parts to be treated 170 8.1.4 Dose rates 170 8.1.5
Dangers of using mutagens 171 8.1.6 Impact of mutation breeding 171 8.1.7
Practical applications 172 8.2 Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization
174 8.2.1 Characters introduced to crops from wild related species 174
8.2.2 Factors involved in interspecific or intergeneric hybridization 175
8.2.3 Post-fertilization 176 8.2.4 Hybrid sterility 176 8.2.5 Backcrossing
176 8.2.6 Increasing genetic diversity 177 8.2.7 Creating new species 177
8.3 Plant genetic transformation 177 8.3.1 A glimpse at the genetic
transformation of plants 179 8.3.2 Some applications of genetic engineering
to plant breeding 181 8.3.3 Cautions and related issues 183 Think questions
183 9 Contemporary Approaches in Plant Breeding 185 9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Tissue culture 185 9.2.1 Doubled haploids 185 9.2.2 Some potential
issues 186 9.2.3 In vitro multiplication 188 9.3 Molecular markers in plant
breeding 188 9.3.1 Theory of using markers 188 9.3.2 Types of marker
systems 190 9.3.3 Molecular markers 191 9.3.4 Uses of molecular markers in
breeding programmes 192 9.3.5 Issues with markers 195 9.3.6 The increasing
availability of genome sequences 195 Think questions 197 10 Practical
Considerations 198 10.1 Introduction 198 10.2 Experimental design 198
10.2.1 Unreplicated designs 199 10.2.2 Randomized designs 201 10.2.3 The
increasing role of linear mixed model approaches to analyse breeding data
203 10.3 Greenhouse management 204 10.3.1 Artificial hybridization 204
10.3.2 Seed and generation increases 206 10.3.3 Evaluation of breeding
lines 206 10.3.4 Environmental control 207 10.3.5 Disease control 207
10.3.6 Economics 208 10.3.7 Experimental design in the glasshouse 209 10.4
Field plot techniques 209 10.4.1 Choice of land 209 10.4.2 Plot size and
replication 211 10.4.3 Guard rows and discard rows 212 10.4.4 Machinery 212
10.5 Use of computers in plant breeding 214 10.5.1 Data storage and
retrieval 215 10.5.2 Field plan design 217 10.5.3 Clerical operations 217
10.5.4 Data collection 217 10.5.5 Data analysis 218 10.5.6 Selection 219
10.5.7 Data transfer 220 10.5.8 Statistical consultation 220 10.5.9 Ease of
use 220 10.6 Release of new cultivars 220 10.6.1 Information needed prior
to cultivar release 221 10.6.2 Value in release 221 10.6.3 Cultivar names
222 Think questions 222 11 Current Developments in Plant Breeding 223 11.1
Intellectual property and ownership issues 223 11.1.1 Patents 223 11.2 The
impact of biotechnology 225 11.3 The regulation of genetically modified
plants 227 11.4 Plant breeding as a career 228 Further Reading 229
Suggested Answers to Think Questions 230 Index 271
Preface xi About the companion website xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1
Requirements of plant breeders 1 1.2 Evolution of crop species 4 1.2.1 Why
did hunter-gatherers become farmers? 4 1.2.2 What crops were involved? And
when did they arise? 5 1.3 Natural and human selection 8 1.4 Contribution
of modern plant breeders 8 Think questions 11 2 Modes of Reproduction and
Types of Cultivar 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Modes of reproduction 15 2.2.1
Sexual reproduction 15 2.2.2 Asexual reproduction 16 2.3 Types of cultivar
17 2.3.1 Pure-line cultivars 17 2.3.2 Open-pollinated cultivars 17 2.3.3
Hybrid cultivars 18 2.3.4 Clonal cultivars 18 2.3.5 Synthetic cultivars 18
2.3.6 Multiline cultivars 18 2.3.7 Composite-cross cultivars 19 2.4 Annuals
and perennials 19 2.5 Reproductive sterility 19 Think questions 19 3
Breeding Objectives 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 People, politics and
economic criteria 22 3.3 Grower profitability 25 3.3.1 Increasing
harvestable yield 26 3.3.2 Selection for yield increase 27 3.4 Increasing
end-use quality 28 3.4.1 Testing for end-use quality 30 3.5 Increasing pest
and disease resistance 31 3.6 Types of plant resistance 34 3.7 Mechanisms
for disease resistance 35 3.8 Testing plant resistance 36 3.9 Conclusions
38 Think questions 38 4 Breeding Schemes 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2
Development of pure-line cultivars 40 4.2.1 Homozygosity 41 4.2.2 Breeding
schemes for pure-line cultivars 43 4.2.3 Number of segregating families and
selections 46 4.2.4 Seed increases for cultivar release 46 4.3 Developing
multiline cultivars 47 4.3.1 Backcrossing 48 4.4 Development of
open-pollinated population cultivars 49 4.4.1 Breeding schemes for
open-pollinating population cultivars 49 4.4.2 Backcrossing in
open-pollinated population cultivar development 51 4.5 Developing synthetic
cultivars 51 4.5.1 Seed production of a synthetic cultivar 53 4.6
Developing hybrid cultivars 53 4.6.1 Heterosis 55 4.6.2 Types of hybrid 58
4.6.3 Breeding system for F1 hybrid cultivars 58 4.6.4 Backcrossing in
hybrid cultivar development 59 4.6.5 Hybrid seed production and cultivar
release 60 4.7 Development of clonal cultivars 61 4.7.1 Outline of a potato
breeding scheme 61 4.7.2 Time to develop clonal cultivars 62 4.7.3 Sexual
reproduction in clonal crops 63 4.7.4 Maintaining disease-free parental
lines and breeding selections 64 4.7.5 Seed increase of clonal cultivars 64
4.8 Developing apomictic cultivars 64 4.9 Summary 65 Think questions 65 5
Genetics and Plant Breeding 68 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Qualitative genetics
68 5.2.1 Genotype/phenotype relationships 70 5.2.2 Segregation of
qualitative genes in diploid species 70 5.2.3 Qualitative loci linkage 72
5.2.4 Pleiotropy 76 5.2.5 Epistasis 76 5.2.6 Qualitative inheritance in
tetraploid species 77 5.2.7 The chi-square test 79 5.2.8 Family size
necessary in qualitative genetic studies 81 5.3 Quantitative genetics 82
5.3.1 The basis of continuous variation 82 5.3.2 Describing continuous
variation 83 5.3.3 Relating quantitative genetics and the normal
distribution 86 5.3.4 Quantitative genetics models 87 5.3.5 Testing the
models 90 5.3.6 Quantitative trait loci 97 Think questions 101 6
Predictions 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.1.1 Genotype × environment
interactions 104 6.1.2 Genetically based predictions 105 6.2 Heritability
106 6.2.1 Broad-sense heritability 107 6.2.2 Narrow-sense heritability 108
6.2.3 Heritability from offspring - parent regression 109 6.3 Diallel
crossing designs 110 6.3.1 Griffing's analysis 111 6.3.2 Hayman and Jinks'
analysis 116 6.4 Cross prediction 119 Think questions 120 7 Selection 125
7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 What to select and when to select 125 7.2.1
Qualitative trait selection 126 7.2.2 Quantitative trait selection 126
7.2.3 Positive and negative selection 126 7.3 Response to selection 127
7.3.1 Association between traits or years 129 7.3.2 Heritability and its
limitations 130 7.3.3 Methods of selection 131 7.3.4 Errors in selection
133 7.4 Applied selection 136 7.4.1 Number of genotypes in initial
populations 136 7.4.2 Early generation selection 139 7.4.3 Intermediate
generation selection 141 7.4.4 Advanced generation selection 143 7.4.5
Analysis of location trials 146 7.5 Cross prediction 151 7.5.1 Univariate
cross prediction 152 7.5.2 Multivariate cross prediction 157 7.6 Parental
selection 159 7.6.1 Phenotypic evaluation 160 7.6.2 Genotypic evaluation
160 7.6.3 Parental combinations 161 7.6.4 Germplasm collections 162 Think
questions 163 8 Broadening the Genetic Basis 168 8.1 Induced mutations 168
8.1.1 Methods of increasing the frequency of mutation 169 8.1.2 Types of
mutation 169 8.1.3 Plant parts to be treated 170 8.1.4 Dose rates 170 8.1.5
Dangers of using mutagens 171 8.1.6 Impact of mutation breeding 171 8.1.7
Practical applications 172 8.2 Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization
174 8.2.1 Characters introduced to crops from wild related species 174
8.2.2 Factors involved in interspecific or intergeneric hybridization 175
8.2.3 Post-fertilization 176 8.2.4 Hybrid sterility 176 8.2.5 Backcrossing
176 8.2.6 Increasing genetic diversity 177 8.2.7 Creating new species 177
8.3 Plant genetic transformation 177 8.3.1 A glimpse at the genetic
transformation of plants 179 8.3.2 Some applications of genetic engineering
to plant breeding 181 8.3.3 Cautions and related issues 183 Think questions
183 9 Contemporary Approaches in Plant Breeding 185 9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Tissue culture 185 9.2.1 Doubled haploids 185 9.2.2 Some potential
issues 186 9.2.3 In vitro multiplication 188 9.3 Molecular markers in plant
breeding 188 9.3.1 Theory of using markers 188 9.3.2 Types of marker
systems 190 9.3.3 Molecular markers 191 9.3.4 Uses of molecular markers in
breeding programmes 192 9.3.5 Issues with markers 195 9.3.6 The increasing
availability of genome sequences 195 Think questions 197 10 Practical
Considerations 198 10.1 Introduction 198 10.2 Experimental design 198
10.2.1 Unreplicated designs 199 10.2.2 Randomized designs 201 10.2.3 The
increasing role of linear mixed model approaches to analyse breeding data
203 10.3 Greenhouse management 204 10.3.1 Artificial hybridization 204
10.3.2 Seed and generation increases 206 10.3.3 Evaluation of breeding
lines 206 10.3.4 Environmental control 207 10.3.5 Disease control 207
10.3.6 Economics 208 10.3.7 Experimental design in the glasshouse 209 10.4
Field plot techniques 209 10.4.1 Choice of land 209 10.4.2 Plot size and
replication 211 10.4.3 Guard rows and discard rows 212 10.4.4 Machinery 212
10.5 Use of computers in plant breeding 214 10.5.1 Data storage and
retrieval 215 10.5.2 Field plan design 217 10.5.3 Clerical operations 217
10.5.4 Data collection 217 10.5.5 Data analysis 218 10.5.6 Selection 219
10.5.7 Data transfer 220 10.5.8 Statistical consultation 220 10.5.9 Ease of
use 220 10.6 Release of new cultivars 220 10.6.1 Information needed prior
to cultivar release 221 10.6.2 Value in release 221 10.6.3 Cultivar names
222 Think questions 222 11 Current Developments in Plant Breeding 223 11.1
Intellectual property and ownership issues 223 11.1.1 Patents 223 11.2 The
impact of biotechnology 225 11.3 The regulation of genetically modified
plants 227 11.4 Plant breeding as a career 228 Further Reading 229
Suggested Answers to Think Questions 230 Index 271
Requirements of plant breeders 1 1.2 Evolution of crop species 4 1.2.1 Why
did hunter-gatherers become farmers? 4 1.2.2 What crops were involved? And
when did they arise? 5 1.3 Natural and human selection 8 1.4 Contribution
of modern plant breeders 8 Think questions 11 2 Modes of Reproduction and
Types of Cultivar 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Modes of reproduction 15 2.2.1
Sexual reproduction 15 2.2.2 Asexual reproduction 16 2.3 Types of cultivar
17 2.3.1 Pure-line cultivars 17 2.3.2 Open-pollinated cultivars 17 2.3.3
Hybrid cultivars 18 2.3.4 Clonal cultivars 18 2.3.5 Synthetic cultivars 18
2.3.6 Multiline cultivars 18 2.3.7 Composite-cross cultivars 19 2.4 Annuals
and perennials 19 2.5 Reproductive sterility 19 Think questions 19 3
Breeding Objectives 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 People, politics and
economic criteria 22 3.3 Grower profitability 25 3.3.1 Increasing
harvestable yield 26 3.3.2 Selection for yield increase 27 3.4 Increasing
end-use quality 28 3.4.1 Testing for end-use quality 30 3.5 Increasing pest
and disease resistance 31 3.6 Types of plant resistance 34 3.7 Mechanisms
for disease resistance 35 3.8 Testing plant resistance 36 3.9 Conclusions
38 Think questions 38 4 Breeding Schemes 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2
Development of pure-line cultivars 40 4.2.1 Homozygosity 41 4.2.2 Breeding
schemes for pure-line cultivars 43 4.2.3 Number of segregating families and
selections 46 4.2.4 Seed increases for cultivar release 46 4.3 Developing
multiline cultivars 47 4.3.1 Backcrossing 48 4.4 Development of
open-pollinated population cultivars 49 4.4.1 Breeding schemes for
open-pollinating population cultivars 49 4.4.2 Backcrossing in
open-pollinated population cultivar development 51 4.5 Developing synthetic
cultivars 51 4.5.1 Seed production of a synthetic cultivar 53 4.6
Developing hybrid cultivars 53 4.6.1 Heterosis 55 4.6.2 Types of hybrid 58
4.6.3 Breeding system for F1 hybrid cultivars 58 4.6.4 Backcrossing in
hybrid cultivar development 59 4.6.5 Hybrid seed production and cultivar
release 60 4.7 Development of clonal cultivars 61 4.7.1 Outline of a potato
breeding scheme 61 4.7.2 Time to develop clonal cultivars 62 4.7.3 Sexual
reproduction in clonal crops 63 4.7.4 Maintaining disease-free parental
lines and breeding selections 64 4.7.5 Seed increase of clonal cultivars 64
4.8 Developing apomictic cultivars 64 4.9 Summary 65 Think questions 65 5
Genetics and Plant Breeding 68 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Qualitative genetics
68 5.2.1 Genotype/phenotype relationships 70 5.2.2 Segregation of
qualitative genes in diploid species 70 5.2.3 Qualitative loci linkage 72
5.2.4 Pleiotropy 76 5.2.5 Epistasis 76 5.2.6 Qualitative inheritance in
tetraploid species 77 5.2.7 The chi-square test 79 5.2.8 Family size
necessary in qualitative genetic studies 81 5.3 Quantitative genetics 82
5.3.1 The basis of continuous variation 82 5.3.2 Describing continuous
variation 83 5.3.3 Relating quantitative genetics and the normal
distribution 86 5.3.4 Quantitative genetics models 87 5.3.5 Testing the
models 90 5.3.6 Quantitative trait loci 97 Think questions 101 6
Predictions 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.1.1 Genotype × environment
interactions 104 6.1.2 Genetically based predictions 105 6.2 Heritability
106 6.2.1 Broad-sense heritability 107 6.2.2 Narrow-sense heritability 108
6.2.3 Heritability from offspring - parent regression 109 6.3 Diallel
crossing designs 110 6.3.1 Griffing's analysis 111 6.3.2 Hayman and Jinks'
analysis 116 6.4 Cross prediction 119 Think questions 120 7 Selection 125
7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 What to select and when to select 125 7.2.1
Qualitative trait selection 126 7.2.2 Quantitative trait selection 126
7.2.3 Positive and negative selection 126 7.3 Response to selection 127
7.3.1 Association between traits or years 129 7.3.2 Heritability and its
limitations 130 7.3.3 Methods of selection 131 7.3.4 Errors in selection
133 7.4 Applied selection 136 7.4.1 Number of genotypes in initial
populations 136 7.4.2 Early generation selection 139 7.4.3 Intermediate
generation selection 141 7.4.4 Advanced generation selection 143 7.4.5
Analysis of location trials 146 7.5 Cross prediction 151 7.5.1 Univariate
cross prediction 152 7.5.2 Multivariate cross prediction 157 7.6 Parental
selection 159 7.6.1 Phenotypic evaluation 160 7.6.2 Genotypic evaluation
160 7.6.3 Parental combinations 161 7.6.4 Germplasm collections 162 Think
questions 163 8 Broadening the Genetic Basis 168 8.1 Induced mutations 168
8.1.1 Methods of increasing the frequency of mutation 169 8.1.2 Types of
mutation 169 8.1.3 Plant parts to be treated 170 8.1.4 Dose rates 170 8.1.5
Dangers of using mutagens 171 8.1.6 Impact of mutation breeding 171 8.1.7
Practical applications 172 8.2 Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization
174 8.2.1 Characters introduced to crops from wild related species 174
8.2.2 Factors involved in interspecific or intergeneric hybridization 175
8.2.3 Post-fertilization 176 8.2.4 Hybrid sterility 176 8.2.5 Backcrossing
176 8.2.6 Increasing genetic diversity 177 8.2.7 Creating new species 177
8.3 Plant genetic transformation 177 8.3.1 A glimpse at the genetic
transformation of plants 179 8.3.2 Some applications of genetic engineering
to plant breeding 181 8.3.3 Cautions and related issues 183 Think questions
183 9 Contemporary Approaches in Plant Breeding 185 9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Tissue culture 185 9.2.1 Doubled haploids 185 9.2.2 Some potential
issues 186 9.2.3 In vitro multiplication 188 9.3 Molecular markers in plant
breeding 188 9.3.1 Theory of using markers 188 9.3.2 Types of marker
systems 190 9.3.3 Molecular markers 191 9.3.4 Uses of molecular markers in
breeding programmes 192 9.3.5 Issues with markers 195 9.3.6 The increasing
availability of genome sequences 195 Think questions 197 10 Practical
Considerations 198 10.1 Introduction 198 10.2 Experimental design 198
10.2.1 Unreplicated designs 199 10.2.2 Randomized designs 201 10.2.3 The
increasing role of linear mixed model approaches to analyse breeding data
203 10.3 Greenhouse management 204 10.3.1 Artificial hybridization 204
10.3.2 Seed and generation increases 206 10.3.3 Evaluation of breeding
lines 206 10.3.4 Environmental control 207 10.3.5 Disease control 207
10.3.6 Economics 208 10.3.7 Experimental design in the glasshouse 209 10.4
Field plot techniques 209 10.4.1 Choice of land 209 10.4.2 Plot size and
replication 211 10.4.3 Guard rows and discard rows 212 10.4.4 Machinery 212
10.5 Use of computers in plant breeding 214 10.5.1 Data storage and
retrieval 215 10.5.2 Field plan design 217 10.5.3 Clerical operations 217
10.5.4 Data collection 217 10.5.5 Data analysis 218 10.5.6 Selection 219
10.5.7 Data transfer 220 10.5.8 Statistical consultation 220 10.5.9 Ease of
use 220 10.6 Release of new cultivars 220 10.6.1 Information needed prior
to cultivar release 221 10.6.2 Value in release 221 10.6.3 Cultivar names
222 Think questions 222 11 Current Developments in Plant Breeding 223 11.1
Intellectual property and ownership issues 223 11.1.1 Patents 223 11.2 The
impact of biotechnology 225 11.3 The regulation of genetically modified
plants 227 11.4 Plant breeding as a career 228 Further Reading 229
Suggested Answers to Think Questions 230 Index 271