Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with the fact that some medications have a predominantly renal excretion and need their dose adjusted for the decreased renal function. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity can lead to acute kidney injury(AKI) or chronic kidney disease in patients and is a major problem for clinicians. Development of less nephrotoxic drugs is challenging due to the fact that the prediction of nephrotoxicity during drug development remains difficult. Typically, compound nephrotoxicity is only detected during late stages of drug development, which is associated with high costs for the pharmaceutical industry.