Qipeng Guo

Polymer Morphology

Principles, Characterization, and Processing

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. * Provides an up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphology * Illustrates major structure types, such as semicrystalline morphology, surface-induced polymer crystallization, phase separation, self-assembly, deformation, and surface topography * Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites * Discusses a broad range of advanced and novel techniques and methods, like x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy and their applications in the morphology of polymer materials

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 464
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. Mai 2016
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 286mm x 221mm x 30mm
• Gewicht: 1434g
• ISBN-13: 9781118452158
• ISBN-10: 1118452151
• Artikelnr.: 41752578

Autorenporträt

Qipeng Guo, DSc, DEng, is the chair professor in polymer science and technology at Deakin University, Australia, where he was awarded a Personal Chair in recognition of his distinguished achievements and international reputation in polymer research, involving both the fundamental principles in polymer science and the development of new polymer materials. He is a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Inhaltsangabe

PREFACE xiii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF
CHARACTERIZATION 1 1 Overview and Prospects of Polymer Morphology 3 Jerold
M. Schultz 1.1 Introductory Remarks 3 1.2 Experimental Avenues of
Morphological Research 4 1.2.1 Morphological Characterization: The Enabling
of in situ Measurements 4 1.2.2 Morphology-Property Investigation 5 1.2.3
Morphology Development 7 1.3 Modeling and Simulation 8 1.3.1 Self-Generated
Fields 9 1.4 Wishful Thinking 11 1.5 Summary 11 References 12 2 X-ray
Diffraction from Polymers 14 N. Sanjeeva Murthy 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2
Basic Principles 14 2.3 Instrumentation 16 2.4 Structure Determination 17
2.4.1 Lattice Dimensions 17 2.4.2 Molecular Modeling 18 2.4.3 Rietveld
Method 18 2.4.4 Pair Distribution Functions 18 2.5 Phase Analysis 19 2.5.1
Crystallinity Determination 20 2.5.2 Composition Analysis 21 2.6
Crystallite Size and Disorder 21 2.7 Orientation Analysis 22 2.7.1
Crystalline Orientation 22 2.7.2 Uniaxial Orientation 22 2.7.3 Biaxial
Orientation 24 2.7.4 Amorphous Orientation 25 2.8 Small-Angle Scattering 25
2.8.1 Central Diffuse Scattering 26 2.8.2 Discrete Reflections from
Lamellar Structures 27 2.8.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Solvent
Diffusion 29 2.9 Specialized Measurements 30 2.9.1 In situ Experiments 30
2.9.2 Microbeam Diffraction 31 2.9.3 Grazing Incidence Diffraction 32 2.10
Summary 33 References 33 3 Electron Microscopy of Polymers 37 Goerg H.
Michler and Werner Lebek 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Microscopic Techniques 37
3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 37 3.2.2 Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM) 42 3.2.3 Comparison of Different Microscopic Techniques 45
3.2.4 Image Processing and Image Analysis 46 3.3 Sample Preparation 47 3.4
In situ Microscopy 50 References 52 4 Characterization of Polymer
Morphology by Scattering Techniques 54 Jean-Michel Guenet 4.1 Introduction
54 4.2 A Short Theoretical Presentation 55 4.2.1 General Expressions 55
4.2.2 The Form Factor 56 4.3 Experimental Aspects 60 4.3.1 The Contrast
Factor 60 4.3.2 Experimental Setup 61 4.4 Typical Results 62 4.4.1 Neutrons
Experiments: A Contrast Variation Story 62 4.4.2 X-Ray Experiments: A
Time-Resolved Story 67 4.5 Concluding Remarks 69 References 69 5
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Polymers 72 Alejandro J. Müller and
Rose Mary Michell 5.1 Introduction to Differential Scanning Calorimetry.
Basic Principles and Types of DSC Equipment 72 5.2 Detection of First-Order
and Second-Order Transitions by DSC. Applications of Standard DSC
Experiments to the Determination of the Glass Transition Temperature and
the Melting Temperature of Polymeric Materials 74 5.3 Self-Nucleation 75
5.3.1 Quantification of the Nucleation Efficiency 77 5.4 Thermal
Fractionation 78 5.5 Multiphasic Materials: Polymer Blends and Block
Copolymers. Fractionated Crystallization and Confinement Effects 81 5.5.1
Blends and Fractionated Crystallization 81 5.5.2 Copolymers 85 5.5.3
Copolymers Versus Blends 87 5.5.4 The Crystallization of Polymers and
Copolymers within Nanoporous Templates 88 5.6 Self-Nucleation and the
Efficiency Scale to Evaluate Nucleation Power 91 5.6.1 Supernucleation 93
5.7 Determination of Overall Isothermal Crystallization by DSC 95 5.8
Conclusions 95 Acknowledgment 95 References 95 6 Imaging Polymer Morphology
using Atomic Force Microscopy 100 Holger Schönherr 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2
Fundamental AFM Techniques 101 6.2.1 Contact Mode AFM 101 6.2.2
Intermittent Contact (Tapping) Mode AFM 104 6.2.3 Further Dynamic AFM Modes
105 6.3 Imaging of Polymer Morphology 107 6.3.1 Single Polymer Chains 107
6.3.2 Crystal Structures 107 6.3.3 Lamellar Crystals 109 6.3.4 Spherulites
109 6.3.5 Multiphase Systems 109 6.3.6 Polymeric Nanostructures 111 6.4
Property Mapping 113 6.4.1 Nanomechanical Properties 113 6.4.2 Scanning
Thermal Microscopy 115 References 115 7 FTIR Imaging of Polymeric Materials
118 S. G. Kazarian and K. L. A. Chan 7.1 Introduction 118 7.2 Principles of
FTIR Imaging 118 7.3 Sampling Methods 120 7.3.1 Transmission Mode 120 7.3.2
Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Mode 121 7.4 Spatial Resolution 122 7.4.1
Transmission FTIR Imaging 123 7.4.2 ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging 123 7.5
Recent Applications 124 7.5.1 Polymer Blends 124 7.5.2 Polymer Processes
125 7.5.3 Polarized FTIR Imaging for Orientation Studies 126 7.6
Conclusions 127 References 128 8 NMR Analysis of Morphology and Structure
of Polymers 131 Takeshi Yamanobe and Hiroki Uehara 8.1 Introduction 131 8.2
Basic Concepts in NMR 131 8.2.1 Principles of NMR 131 8.2.2 Analysis of the
Free Induction Decay (FID) 132 8.3 Morphology and Relaxation Behavior of
Polyethylene 134 8.3.1 Morphology and Molecular Mobility 134 8.3.2 Lamellar
Thickening by Annealing 134 8.3.3 Entanglement in the Amorphous Phase 136
8.4 Morphology and Structure of the Nascent Powders 137 8.4.1 Etching by
Fuming Nitric Acid 137 8.4.2 Structural Change by Annealing 138 8.4.3
Nascent Isotactic Polypropylene Powder 139 8.5 Kinetics of Dynamic Process
of Polymers 141 8.5.1 Melt Drawing of Polyethylene 141 8.5.2
Crystallization Mechanism of Nylon 46 143 8.5.3 Degree of Curing of Novolac
Resins 145 8.6 Conclusions 146 References 146 PART II MORPHOLOGY PROPERTIES
AND PROCESSING 151 9 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering for Morphological
Analysis of Semicrystalline Polymers 153 Anne Seidlitz and Thomas
Thurn-Albrecht 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Small-angle X-ray Scattering 153
9.2.1 Typical Experimental Setup 153 9.2.2 Basic Formalism Describing the
Relation between Real-Space Structure and Scattering Intensity in a SAXS
Experiment 154 9.2.3 Methods of Analysis Used for SAXS on Semicrystalline
Polymers 155 9.3 Concluding Remarks 162 Appendix: Calculation of the Model
Function K? '' sim(s) 163 References 163 10 Crystalline Morphology of
Homopolymers and Block Copolymers 165 Shuichi Nojima and Hironori
Marubayashi 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Crystalline Morphology of
Homopolymers 165 10.2.1 Crystal Structure 165 10.2.2 Lamellar Morphology
167 10.2.3 Spherulite Structure 168 10.2.4 Crystalline Morphology of
Homopolymers Confined in Isolated Nanodomains 168 10.2.5 Crystalline
Morphology of Polymer Blends 169 10.3 Crystalline Morphology of Block
Copolymers 171 10.3.1 Crystalline Morphology of Weakly Segregated Block
Copolymers 172 10.3.2 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers with
Glassy Amorphous Blocks 173 10.3.3 Crystalline Morphology of Strongly
Segregated Block Copolymers 174 10.3.4 Crystalline Morphology of Double
Crystalline Block Copolymers 175 10.4 Concluding Remarks 176 References 176
11 Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers 181 Alejandro J. Müller
Rose Mary Michell and Arnaldo T. Lorenzo 11.1 Introduction 181 11.2
Crystallization Process 182 11.3 Crystallization Kinetics 182 11.3.1 The
Avrami Equation [31] 183 11.3.2 Nucleation and Crystal Growth:
Lauritzen-Hofmann Theory 188 11.4 Isothermal Crystallization
Kinetics-Morphology Relationship 191 11.4.1 Linear PS-b-PCL versus Miktoarm
(PS2)-b-(PCL2) Block Copolymers 191 11.4.2 Crystallization Kinetics and
Morphology of PLLA-b-PCL Diblock Copolymers 194 11.4.3 Nucleation and
Crystallization Kinetics of Double Crystalline Polyethylene/Polyamide
(PE/PA) Blends 196 11.4.4 Crystallization Kinetics of
Poly(epsilon-Caprolactone)/Carbon Nanotubes (PCL/CNTs) Blends 200 11.5
Conclusions 201 Acknowledgments 201 References 201 12 Surface-induced
Polymer Crystallization 204 Xiaoli Sun and Shouke Yan 12.1 Introduction 204
12.2 Influence of Foreign Surface on the Crystallization Kinetics of
Polymers 205 12.3 Influence of Foreign Surface on the Crystal Structure and
Morphology of Polymers 205 12.3.1 Crystallization of Thin Polymer Films on
Amorphous Foreign Surface 205 12.3.2 Crystallization of Polymer Thin Films
on Crystalline Foreign Surface with Special Crystallographic Interaction
209 12.4 Bulk Crystallization of Polymers in Contact with a Foreign Surface
226 12.5 Summary 234 References 235 13 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of
Polymer Crystallization 242 Wenbing Hu and Liyun Zha 13.1 Introduction 242
13.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Crystallization 242 13.3 Crystal Nucleation
247 13.4 Crystal Growth 251 13.5 Crystal Annealing 254 13.6 Summary 255
References 256 14 Self-Assembly and Morphology in Block Copolymer Systems
with Specific Interactions 259 Anbazhagan Palanisamy and Qipeng Guo 14.1
Introduction 259 14.2 Block Copolymer Systems with Hydrogen Bonding
Interaction in Solid State 260 14.2.1 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems
260 14.2.2 Diblock/Triblock Copolymer Systems 264 14.3 Block Copolymer
Systems with Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction in Solution 268 14.3.1
Single-Component Block Copolymer Systems 268 14.3.2 Diblock
Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 269 14.3.3 Diblock/Diblock Copolymer Systems
271 14.3.4 Triblock Copolymer Systems 275 14.4 Block Copolymer Systems with
Ionic Interaction 275 14.4.1 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 275
14.4.2 Diblock/Triblock Copolymer Systems 276 14.5 Block Copolymer Blends
via Metal-Ligand Coordination Bonds 278 14.6 Concluding Remarks 278
References 279 15 Dynamics Simulations of Microphase Separation in Block
Copolymers 283 Xuehao He Xuejin Li Peng Chen and Haojun Liang 15.1
Introduction 283 15.2 Polymer Model and Simulation Algorithm 284 15.2.1
Monte Carlo Method 284 15.2.2 Dissipative Particle Dynamics Method 285
15.2.3 Polymeric Self-Consistent Field Theory 286 15.3 Dynamics of
Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers 287 15.3.1 Phase Separation of Linear
Block Copolymers 287 15.3.2 Self-Assembly of Star Block Copolymers in Melt
287 15.3.3 Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Constrained Systems 289
15.3.4 Micellization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer in Solution 292 15.4
Outlook 294 References 295 16 Morphology Control of Polymer thin Films 299
Jiangang Liu Xinhong Yu Longjian Xue and Yanchun Han 16.1 Wetting 299
16.1.1 Dewetting Mechanisms 300 16.1.2 Dewetting Dynamics 301 16.1.3 Rim
Instability 303 16.1.4 Factors Affecting the Stability of Polymer Thin
Films 303 16.2 Thin Film of Polymer Blend 304 16.2.1 Fundamentals of
Polymer Blends 305 16.2.2 Phase Separation in Thin Polymer Films 306 16.3
The Introduction of Polymer Blend Film in Solar Cells 307 16.3.1 Establish
Interpenetrating Network Structure by Controlling Phase Separation 308
16.3.2 Control the Domain Size and Purify of the Domains 310 16.3.3 Adjust
the Diffused Structure at the Interface Between Donor and Acceptor 312
16.3.4 Construct the Relationship Between Film Morphology and Device
Performance 312 16.4 Summary and Outlook 313 References 313 17 Polymer
Surface Topography and Nanomechanical Mapping 317 Hao Liu So Fujinami Dong
Wang Ken Nakajima and Toshio Nishi 17.1 Introduction 317 17.2 Contact
Mechanics 317 17.2.1 Hertzian Theory (Repulsion between Elastic Bodies) 318
17.2.2 Bradley Model (Interaction between Rigid Bodies) 318 17.2.3
Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) Model 318 17.2.4 Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov
(DMT) Model 319 17.2.5 The JKR-DMT transition and Maugis-Dugdale (MD) Model
319 17.2.6 Adhesion Map 320 17.3 Application of Contact Mechanics to
Experimental Data 321 17.3.1 Consideration of Contact Models 321 17.3.2
Force-Distance Curve Conversion 321 17.3.3 Analysis of Load-Indentation
Curves 322 17.3.4 Nanomechanical Mapping 322 17.4 Application Examples 323
17.4.1 Effect of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Mechanical
Properties of Block Copolymers 323 17.4.2 Measuring the Deformation of Both
Ductile and Fragile Polymers 325 17.4.3 Nanorheological AFM on Rubbers 328
17.5 Conclusion 331 References 331 18 Polymer Morphology and Deformation
Behavior 335 Masanori Hara 18.1 Introduction 335 18.2 Deformation Behavior
of Amorphous Polymers 336 18.2.1 Deformation Behavior of Thin Films 336
18.2.2 Deformation Behavior of Bulk Polymers 338 18.3 Deformation Behavior
of Semicrystalline Polymers 339 18.3.1 Deformation of Unoriented
Semicrystalline Polymers 341 18.3.2 Strain Hardening and Network Density
341 18.4 Deformation Behavior of Block Copolymers 342 18.4.1 Block
Copolymers Based on S and B 343 18.4.2 Block Copolymers Based on E and C
(CHE) 345 18.5 Conclusions and Outlook 345 References 346 19 Morphology
Development in Immiscible Polymer Blends 348 Ruth Cardinaels and Paula
Moldenaers 19.1 Introduction 348 19.2 Morphology Development in Bulk Flow
350 19.2.1 Droplet-Matrix Structures 350 19.2.2 Fibrillar Structures 359
19.2.3 Cocontinuous Structures 361 19.3 Recent Advances in Polymer Blends
363 19.3.1 Immiscible Blends in Confined Flow 363 19.3.2 Blend
Compatibilization by Nanoparticles 364 19.4 Conclusions 367 Acknowledgments
368 References 368 20 Processing Structure and Morphology in Polymer
Nanocomposites 374 Duraccio Donatella Clara Silvestre Sossio Cimmino
Antonella Marra and Marilena Pezzuto 20.1 Overview 374 20.2 Nanoparticles
with One Dimension Less Than 100 nm (Layered Silicates) 375 20.3
Nanoparticles with Two Dimensions Less Than 100 nm (Carbon Nanotubes) 377
20.4 Nanoparticles with Three Dimensions Less Than 100 nm (Metal Metal
Oxide) 380 20.5 Preparative Methods 382 20.5.1 Solution Processing 382
20.5.2 In situ Polymerization 383 20.5.3 Melt Processing 384 20.5.4 In situ
Sol-Gel Technology 384 20.6 Structure and Morphology of Polymer
Nanocomposites 385 20.7 Concluding Remarks 388 References 388 21 Morphology
and Gas Barrier Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 397 Abbas Ghanbari
Marie-Claude Heuzey Pierre J. Carreau and Minh-Tan Ton-That 21.1
Introduction 397 21.2 Structure of Layered Silicates 397 21.3 Morphologies
of Polymer-Layered Silicate Composites 398 21.4 Nanocomposite Preparation
Methods 398 21.5 Challenges of Thermal Degradation in Melt Intercalation
400 21.6 Methods for Improving Gas Barrier Properties of Polymers 403 21.7
Polyamide Nanocomposites 405 21.8 Polyolefin Nanocomposites 405 21.9 Pet
Nanocomposites 406 21.10 Polylactide Nanocomposites 413 21.11 Conclusions
and Perspectives 414 References 415 22 Features on the Development and
Stability of Phase Morphology in Complex Multicomponent Polymeric Systems:
Main Focus on Processing Aspects 418 Charef Harrats Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
and Gabriel Groeninckx 22.1 Introduction 418 22.2 Phase Morphology
Development in Polymer Blends 419 22.2.1 Droplet-in-Matrix (Dispersed)
Phase Morphology 419 22.2.2 Co-continuous Phase Morphology 419 22.2.3 Phase
Morphology in Ternary Blends 420 22.3 Melt Processing of Polymer Blends 423
22.3.1 Morphology Buildup during Processing 423 22.3.2 Effects of
Processing Parameters on Phase Morphology 424 22.4 Chemistry Involved in
Polymer Blends 426 22.4.1 Effect of the Compatibilizer on Phase Morphology
426 22.4.2 Formation in situ of the Compatibilizer 427 22.4.3 Case of
Reactive Ternary Blends 429 22.4.4 Stability of Phase Morphology in
Reactively Compatibilized Blends 431 22.4.5 Organoclay-Promoted Phase
Morphology 433 22.4.6 Conclusions 435 References 436 INDEX 439