Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pope Pius XII and the Church in China involves relations of the Holy See with China from 1939-1958. It begins with the recognition of Chinese rites by the Vatican in 1939, the elevation of the first Chinese cardinal in 1946, the establishment of a Chinese hierarchy, the persecution and virtual elimination of the Catholic Church in the early fifties, and the establishment of a patriotic, socialist Chinese Church, independent of Rome in 1957.