Positron Annihilation in Chemistry gives a critical review of the chemistry-oriented positron annihilation research. The only three light particles participating in low energy physics and chemistry are the electron, positron, and positronium. Positronium (Ps) is the most important "anomalous" atom. This volume gives the only available, critical discussion of the chemistry of the two "strange" light particles, the positron and positronium, while the excess electron has been much discussed. Many unusual phenomena in the reaction kinetics of the positron, positronium, and excess electron, and in…mehr
Positron Annihilation in Chemistry gives a critical review of the chemistry-oriented positron annihilation research. The only three light particles participating in low energy physics and chemistry are the electron, positron, and positronium. Positronium (Ps) is the most important "anomalous" atom. This volume gives the only available, critical discussion of the chemistry of the two "strange" light particles, the positron and positronium, while the excess electron has been much discussed. Many unusual phenomena in the reaction kinetics of the positron, positronium, and excess electron, and in radiation chemistry and physics, can be investigated in positron annihilation, which also gives important information on defects in solids.
1.Introduction.- 1.1 Positron Annihilation in Chemistry.- 1.2 History of Chemistry-Oriented PositronAnnihilation Studies.- 1.3 Review of Physics-Oriented Positron Research.- 1.4 The Content and Intention of this Book.- 2 Theory.- 2.1 The Annihilation Probability.- 2.2 Atomic Physics of Positronium (Ps).- 2.3 Application of the Theory.- 3 Experimental Techniques.- 3.1 Positron Lifetime (LT) Technique.- 3.2 Angular Correlation (AC) Measurements.- 3.3 Doppler Broadening (DB) Measurements.- 3.4 Miscellaneous Measurements.- 4 Light Particle States in Insulating Matter.- 4.1 General Remarks.- 4.2 The Excess Electron.- 4.3 The Positron States in Liquids.- 4.4 The Ps States in Liquids.- 4.5 Short Remarks on Light Particle Statesin Solids and Gases.- 4.6 Measurable Properties of Light Particles.- 5 The Positron Spur and Ps Formation in Pure Liquids.- 5.1 The Positron Track and its Terminal Spur.- 5.2 Homogeneous, Long Time Irradiationby Positron Slowing Down.- 5.3 Determination of the Ps Yield.- 5.4 Formation of Ps in the Positron Spur.- 5.5 The Measured Ps Yields for Pure Liquids.- 6 Solvated Positron Reactions. Models of Reaction Kinetics.- 6.1 Hydrated Positron Reactions with Halides.- 6.2 Reaction Kinetics in Positron Annihilation.- 6.3 Discussion of $${text{e}}_{text{aq}}^{text{C}}$$ Reactions. Low Concentrations.- 6.4 Discussion of $${text{e}}_{text{aq}}^{text{C}}$$ Reactions. High Concentrations.- 7 Positronium Formation in Solutions.- 7.1 Special Cases of Ps Formation in Nonpolar Mixtures.- 7.2 Theory of Ps Inhibition and Antiinhibition.- 7.3 Empirical Expression for the Ps Yield.- 7.4 Positronium Formation in Mixtures of Nonpolar Liquids.- 7.5 Positronium Formation in Solutions of Polar Liquids.- 7.6 Miscellaneous Ps Yield Effects.- 7.7 The Older Ps Formation Models.- 8 Positronium Reactions in Solutions.- 8.1 Kinetic Equations of Positronium Reactions.- 8.2 An Example of Ps Quenching and Inhibition.- 8.3 Positronium Quenching by Mainly Organic Moleculesin Solutions.- 8.4 Paramagnetic Quenching of Positronium in Solutions.- 8.5 Positronium Reactions with Ions in Aqueous Solutions.- 9 Principles of Positron Annihilation in Molecular Solids.- 9.1 Positronium Bloch Functions and Ps Trapping in Defects.- 9.2 Positronium Trapping in Vacancies in Plastic Crystals.- 9.3 Positronium Formation in Solid Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 9.4 Positronium in Some Other Molecular Crystals.- 9.5 Slow-Positron Beam Studies of Solids.- 10 Polymers and Miscellaneous Molecular Compounds.- 10.1 Transition from Glassy to Normal Liquid State.- 10.2 Positron Annihilation in Polymers.- 10.3 Electric Field Dependence of the Ps Yield.- 10.4 Liquid Crystals and Miscellaneous Liquids.- 10.5 Miscellaneous Solids.- 11 Conclusion.- References.- Index of Chemicals.
1.Introduction.- 1.1 Positron Annihilation in Chemistry.- 1.2 History of Chemistry-Oriented PositronAnnihilation Studies.- 1.3 Review of Physics-Oriented Positron Research.- 1.4 The Content and Intention of this Book.- 2 Theory.- 2.1 The Annihilation Probability.- 2.2 Atomic Physics of Positronium (Ps).- 2.3 Application of the Theory.- 3 Experimental Techniques.- 3.1 Positron Lifetime (LT) Technique.- 3.2 Angular Correlation (AC) Measurements.- 3.3 Doppler Broadening (DB) Measurements.- 3.4 Miscellaneous Measurements.- 4 Light Particle States in Insulating Matter.- 4.1 General Remarks.- 4.2 The Excess Electron.- 4.3 The Positron States in Liquids.- 4.4 The Ps States in Liquids.- 4.5 Short Remarks on Light Particle Statesin Solids and Gases.- 4.6 Measurable Properties of Light Particles.- 5 The Positron Spur and Ps Formation in Pure Liquids.- 5.1 The Positron Track and its Terminal Spur.- 5.2 Homogeneous, Long Time Irradiationby Positron Slowing Down.- 5.3 Determination of the Ps Yield.- 5.4 Formation of Ps in the Positron Spur.- 5.5 The Measured Ps Yields for Pure Liquids.- 6 Solvated Positron Reactions. Models of Reaction Kinetics.- 6.1 Hydrated Positron Reactions with Halides.- 6.2 Reaction Kinetics in Positron Annihilation.- 6.3 Discussion of $${text{e}}_{text{aq}}^{text{C}}$$ Reactions. Low Concentrations.- 6.4 Discussion of $${text{e}}_{text{aq}}^{text{C}}$$ Reactions. High Concentrations.- 7 Positronium Formation in Solutions.- 7.1 Special Cases of Ps Formation in Nonpolar Mixtures.- 7.2 Theory of Ps Inhibition and Antiinhibition.- 7.3 Empirical Expression for the Ps Yield.- 7.4 Positronium Formation in Mixtures of Nonpolar Liquids.- 7.5 Positronium Formation in Solutions of Polar Liquids.- 7.6 Miscellaneous Ps Yield Effects.- 7.7 The Older Ps Formation Models.- 8 Positronium Reactions in Solutions.- 8.1 Kinetic Equations of Positronium Reactions.- 8.2 An Example of Ps Quenching and Inhibition.- 8.3 Positronium Quenching by Mainly Organic Moleculesin Solutions.- 8.4 Paramagnetic Quenching of Positronium in Solutions.- 8.5 Positronium Reactions with Ions in Aqueous Solutions.- 9 Principles of Positron Annihilation in Molecular Solids.- 9.1 Positronium Bloch Functions and Ps Trapping in Defects.- 9.2 Positronium Trapping in Vacancies in Plastic Crystals.- 9.3 Positronium Formation in Solid Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 9.4 Positronium in Some Other Molecular Crystals.- 9.5 Slow-Positron Beam Studies of Solids.- 10 Polymers and Miscellaneous Molecular Compounds.- 10.1 Transition from Glassy to Normal Liquid State.- 10.2 Positron Annihilation in Polymers.- 10.3 Electric Field Dependence of the Ps Yield.- 10.4 Liquid Crystals and Miscellaneous Liquids.- 10.5 Miscellaneous Solids.- 11 Conclusion.- References.- Index of Chemicals.
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