The monograph outlines the directions for collection, study, multiplication and usefulness of the gene pool of leguminous crops in breeding directions. Studies have shown that one of the main objectives of breeding is the selection of suitable varieties and forms with high yield and creation of new varieties more suitable for mechanized harvesting - high-growing with high attachment of the lower beans, friendly maturing and non-drying, as well as resistant to fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. We have created new varieties of chickpea "Jamila" and lentil "Jasmine", which are successfully introduced into production in the relevant areas of breeding. The monograph is designed for biologists, graduate students, breeders and specialists dealing with genetic resources of leguminous crops, including chickpea and lentils.