Microbes are known to live in an enormous range of environments. Their ability to survive and proliferate in diverse industrial systems is often a surprise to those not exposed to these problems in their work. These systems contain a range of potential carbon sources, one common theme being surfactants. Surfactants are often not the components most prone to spoilage since some systems contain highly susceptible natural components, such as starch and xanthum gum, but the surfactant is a key part of the formulation, and its extensive breakdown usually means that the material is beyond recovery.…mehr
Microbes are known to live in an enormous range of environments. Their ability to survive and proliferate in diverse industrial systems is often a surprise to those not exposed to these problems in their work. These systems contain a range of potential carbon sources, one common theme being surfactants. Surfactants are often not the components most prone to spoilage since some systems contain highly susceptible natural components, such as starch and xanthum gum, but the surfactant is a key part of the formulation, and its extensive breakdown usually means that the material is beyond recovery. The aim of this book is to describe in detail all aspects of the preservation of surfactant containing materials. The book should be viewed as being in three discrete sections. - chapters 1-5 deal with and summarise essential background information - chapters 6-11 discuss in detail various end use applications - chapters 12-15 outline the regulatory and toxicology implication associated withthe safe handling of preservatives Given the format of the book there is inevitably some duplication of information in the middle section with different authors describing essentially the same phenomena but on different substrates. I hope the reader will find that although different chapters touch on the same topics the information around these areas is sufficiently different to justify their inclusion in this book and to be of interest. It should also demonstrate what can be the most useful source of information, the hard practical experience of the authors.
1 An Introduction to Microbial Spoilage.- 1.1 Growth of Spoilage Microorganisms.- 1.2 Presence of a Suitable Carbon Source.- 1.3 Presence of Antimicrobial Components.- 1.4 Consequences of Microbial Spoilage.- References.- 2 Chemical Preservatives.- 2.1 Isothiazolinones.- 2.2 Other Nitrogen - Sulphur Compounds.- 2.3 Organobromine Compounds.- 2.4 Thiocyanates.- 2.5 Dithiocarbamates.- 2.6 Organoiodine Compounds.- 2.7 Aldehydes and Aldehyde-Release Agents.- 2.8 Phenols.- 2.9 Organic Acids and Salts.- 2.10 Mercury and other Inorganic Elements.- References.- 3 Control of Microbes through Plant Hygiene.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Design and Construction of the Premises.- 3.3 Control of Product Contact Surfaces.- 3.4 Control of Production Environment Air.- 3.5 Control of the Personnel Route of Contamination.- Further Reading.- References.- 4 An Introduction to Surfactants.- 4.1 Why are Surfactants of Interest?.- 4.2 How Surfactants Work.- 4.3 Surfactant Phenomena and Effects.- 4.4 Chemistry of Surfactants.- 4.5 Formulating with Surfactants.- 4.6 Some Final Thoughts.- Further Reading.- 5 Biodegradation of Surfactants.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Biodegradation of Anionic Surfactants.- 5.3 Biodegradation of Nonionic Surfactants.- 5.4 Biodegradation of Cationic Surfactants.- 5.5 Relevance to Biodeterioration.- References.- 6 Preservation of Agrochemicals.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Agrochemical Formulations.- 6.3 Surfactants for Agrochemicals.- 6.4 Preservatives for Agrochemicals.- References.- 7 Preservation of Personal Care Products.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Importance of Preservation.- 7.3 Preservative Efficacy Testing.- 7.4 Preservation Available for use.- 7.5 Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8 Preservation of Paint Formulations.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Chemistry andManufacture of Paint.- 8.3 Consequences of Microbial Spoilage.- 8.4 Requirements for Microbial Growth.- 8.5 Typical Flora Associated with Paint Spoilage.- 8.6 The Problem with Solvent Free Systems: Spoilage.- 8.7 The Chemistry of Industrial Preservatives.- 8.8 Methods to Establish the Correct Biocide Level for Preservation.- 8.9 Implementing the Laboratory Report in Practice.- 8.10 Plant Sanitation and Hygiene Audits.- 8.11 When Spoilage Occurs.- 8.12 Implementing a HACCP Program.- 8.13 Summary.- References.- 9 Preservation of Aqueous-Based Synthetic Polymer Emulsions and Adhesive Formulations.- 9.1 General Introduction.- 9.2 Aqueous-Based Synthetic Polymer Emulsions.- 9.3 Adhesive Formulations.- 9.4 Microbial Spoilage of Polymer Emulsions and Adhesives.- 9.5 Prevention and Control of Microbial Spoilage in Polymer Emulsions and Adhesives.- 9.6 Preservation Strategies and Related issues Affecting Polymer Emulsions and Adhesives for the Next Millennium.- 9.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Further Reading.- 10 Preservation of Inorganic Systems.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Contamination Sources.- 10.3 Consequences of Microbiological Contamination.- 10.4 Sampling.- 10.5 Equipment Design.- 10.6 Exponential Growth.- 10.7 Microbiological Test Methods.- 10.8 Anaerobic Contamination.- 10.9 Microbiological Control.- 10.10 Biocides.- 10.11 Biocide Performance Testing.- 10.12 Biocide Addition Systems.- 10.13 Residual Biocide Testing.- 10.14 Working with the External Customer.- 10.15 Slurry made from Dry Material and Slurry Storage.- 11 Preservation of Metal Working Fluids.- 11.1 Introduction to Metalworking Fluids.- 11.2 Consequences of Metalworking Fluids Failure.- 11.3 Ranges and types of Metalworking Fluid.- 11.4 Maj or Surfactant Types used in Metalworking Fluids.- 11.5 Typesof Microorganism in Metalworking Fluids.- 11.6 Types of Preservative used in Metalworking Fluids.- 11.7 Testing Protocols used in Metalworking Fluid Preservative Selection.- 11.8 Summary.- References.- 12 Toxicology of Preservatives.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Preservatives in General use.- 12.3 Acute Toxicity.- 12.4 Skin and Eye Irritation.- 12.5 Skin and Respiratory Sensitization.- 12.6 Subacute and Chronic Toxicity including Carcinogenicity.- 12.7 Genetic toxicology.- 12.8 Reproductive and Developmental Effects.- 12.9 Environmental Considerations.- 12.10 Conclusion.- References.- 13 The Safe use of Preservatives.- References.- 14 Regulation of Preservatives in the USA.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Industrial Preservatives.- 14.3 Indirect Food Additives.- 14.4 Cosmetic Preservatives.- 14.5 Summary.- References.- 15 European Preservative Legislation.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Preservatives in the Oil Industry.- 15.3 Preservatives in the Paper Industry.- 15.4 The Proposed Biocidal Products Directory (93/239/03).- References.- Appendix 1 - Countries with Registration Procedures for Preservatives.- Appendix 2 - Typical Data Requirements for Preservatives use din the Off Shore Oil Drilling and Production Industry.
1 An Introduction to Microbial Spoilage.- 1.1 Growth of Spoilage Microorganisms.- 1.2 Presence of a Suitable Carbon Source.- 1.3 Presence of Antimicrobial Components.- 1.4 Consequences of Microbial Spoilage.- References.- 2 Chemical Preservatives.- 2.1 Isothiazolinones.- 2.2 Other Nitrogen - Sulphur Compounds.- 2.3 Organobromine Compounds.- 2.4 Thiocyanates.- 2.5 Dithiocarbamates.- 2.6 Organoiodine Compounds.- 2.7 Aldehydes and Aldehyde-Release Agents.- 2.8 Phenols.- 2.9 Organic Acids and Salts.- 2.10 Mercury and other Inorganic Elements.- References.- 3 Control of Microbes through Plant Hygiene.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Design and Construction of the Premises.- 3.3 Control of Product Contact Surfaces.- 3.4 Control of Production Environment Air.- 3.5 Control of the Personnel Route of Contamination.- Further Reading.- References.- 4 An Introduction to Surfactants.- 4.1 Why are Surfactants of Interest?.- 4.2 How Surfactants Work.- 4.3 Surfactant Phenomena and Effects.- 4.4 Chemistry of Surfactants.- 4.5 Formulating with Surfactants.- 4.6 Some Final Thoughts.- Further Reading.- 5 Biodegradation of Surfactants.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Biodegradation of Anionic Surfactants.- 5.3 Biodegradation of Nonionic Surfactants.- 5.4 Biodegradation of Cationic Surfactants.- 5.5 Relevance to Biodeterioration.- References.- 6 Preservation of Agrochemicals.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Agrochemical Formulations.- 6.3 Surfactants for Agrochemicals.- 6.4 Preservatives for Agrochemicals.- References.- 7 Preservation of Personal Care Products.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Importance of Preservation.- 7.3 Preservative Efficacy Testing.- 7.4 Preservation Available for use.- 7.5 Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8 Preservation of Paint Formulations.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Chemistry andManufacture of Paint.- 8.3 Consequences of Microbial Spoilage.- 8.4 Requirements for Microbial Growth.- 8.5 Typical Flora Associated with Paint Spoilage.- 8.6 The Problem with Solvent Free Systems: Spoilage.- 8.7 The Chemistry of Industrial Preservatives.- 8.8 Methods to Establish the Correct Biocide Level for Preservation.- 8.9 Implementing the Laboratory Report in Practice.- 8.10 Plant Sanitation and Hygiene Audits.- 8.11 When Spoilage Occurs.- 8.12 Implementing a HACCP Program.- 8.13 Summary.- References.- 9 Preservation of Aqueous-Based Synthetic Polymer Emulsions and Adhesive Formulations.- 9.1 General Introduction.- 9.2 Aqueous-Based Synthetic Polymer Emulsions.- 9.3 Adhesive Formulations.- 9.4 Microbial Spoilage of Polymer Emulsions and Adhesives.- 9.5 Prevention and Control of Microbial Spoilage in Polymer Emulsions and Adhesives.- 9.6 Preservation Strategies and Related issues Affecting Polymer Emulsions and Adhesives for the Next Millennium.- 9.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Further Reading.- 10 Preservation of Inorganic Systems.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Contamination Sources.- 10.3 Consequences of Microbiological Contamination.- 10.4 Sampling.- 10.5 Equipment Design.- 10.6 Exponential Growth.- 10.7 Microbiological Test Methods.- 10.8 Anaerobic Contamination.- 10.9 Microbiological Control.- 10.10 Biocides.- 10.11 Biocide Performance Testing.- 10.12 Biocide Addition Systems.- 10.13 Residual Biocide Testing.- 10.14 Working with the External Customer.- 10.15 Slurry made from Dry Material and Slurry Storage.- 11 Preservation of Metal Working Fluids.- 11.1 Introduction to Metalworking Fluids.- 11.2 Consequences of Metalworking Fluids Failure.- 11.3 Ranges and types of Metalworking Fluid.- 11.4 Maj or Surfactant Types used in Metalworking Fluids.- 11.5 Typesof Microorganism in Metalworking Fluids.- 11.6 Types of Preservative used in Metalworking Fluids.- 11.7 Testing Protocols used in Metalworking Fluid Preservative Selection.- 11.8 Summary.- References.- 12 Toxicology of Preservatives.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Preservatives in General use.- 12.3 Acute Toxicity.- 12.4 Skin and Eye Irritation.- 12.5 Skin and Respiratory Sensitization.- 12.6 Subacute and Chronic Toxicity including Carcinogenicity.- 12.7 Genetic toxicology.- 12.8 Reproductive and Developmental Effects.- 12.9 Environmental Considerations.- 12.10 Conclusion.- References.- 13 The Safe use of Preservatives.- References.- 14 Regulation of Preservatives in the USA.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Industrial Preservatives.- 14.3 Indirect Food Additives.- 14.4 Cosmetic Preservatives.- 14.5 Summary.- References.- 15 European Preservative Legislation.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Preservatives in the Oil Industry.- 15.3 Preservatives in the Paper Industry.- 15.4 The Proposed Biocidal Products Directory (93/239/03).- References.- Appendix 1 - Countries with Registration Procedures for Preservatives.- Appendix 2 - Typical Data Requirements for Preservatives use din the Off Shore Oil Drilling and Production Industry.
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