Primary education serves as an important basis for the success of an education system as a whole. In order to identify major areas of improvement and to provide correspondent implications for a future educational development, this work critically examines and compares the primary education systems in China and India with the help of different key education indicators. The reader will get a deeper insight in two similar but at the same time quite different educational approaches which do not only affect the life and development of students themselves but also all other participants in an education system.