Elizabeth Foster, Jean Pyfer, Kristi Roth, Laurie Zittel, Melissa Bittner
Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education
An Evidenced-Based Pedagogical Approach
Elizabeth Foster, Jean Pyfer, Kristi Roth, Laurie Zittel, Melissa Bittner
Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education
An Evidenced-Based Pedagogical Approach
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Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education, 13th Edition, is an evidence-based, pedagogically focused resource with practical information and resources to prepare educators to deliver effective, legally sound, and evidence-based adapted physical education services. It incorporates the Adapted Physical Education National Standards.
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Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education, 13th Edition, is an evidence-based, pedagogically focused resource with practical information and resources to prepare educators to deliver effective, legally sound, and evidence-based adapted physical education services. It incorporates the Adapted Physical Education National Standards.
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Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Human Kinetics Publishers
- Thirteenth Edition
- Seitenzahl: 400
- Erscheinungstermin: 11. Juli 2025
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 279mm x 216mm
- ISBN-13: 9781718221291
- ISBN-10: 1718221290
- Artikelnr.: 72801897
- Herstellerkennzeichnung
- Libri GmbH
- Europaallee 1
- 36244 Bad Hersfeld
- gpsr@libri.de
- Verlag: Human Kinetics Publishers
- Thirteenth Edition
- Seitenzahl: 400
- Erscheinungstermin: 11. Juli 2025
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 279mm x 216mm
- ISBN-13: 9781718221291
- ISBN-10: 1718221290
- Artikelnr.: 72801897
- Herstellerkennzeichnung
- Libri GmbH
- Europaallee 1
- 36244 Bad Hersfeld
- gpsr@libri.de
Kristi Roth, PhD, CAPE, is a professor in the School of Education at the University of Wisconsin (UW) at Stevens Point. She spent 10 years as a general and adapted physical education teacher in the preK-12 environment prior to moving into higher education. She has served in a combination of administrative and teaching roles at UW since 2004. She currently teaches graduate courses in resilience and self-care, equity in education, social justice, research methods, trauma-sensitive classrooms, and issues and trends in education, as well as undergraduate courses in adapted physical education. She was the lead developer of a certificate in trauma and resilience. She has written numerous publications and presentations focusing on technology and teaching students with severe disabilities. She holds the CAPE (certified adapted physical educator) credential. Melissa Bittner, PhD, CAPE, is an associate professor in the department of kinesiology at California State University, Long Beach. She is the coordinator of the adapted physical education program and of the graduate program for curriculum and instruction in physical education. Her primary responsibility is to prepare university students to teach physical education to individuals with disabilities. She directs several on-campus service learning programs designed to offer positive physical education experiences to young people with disabilities. Dr. Bittner serves on the board for the National Consortium for Physical Education for Individuals with Disabilities (NCPEID), California Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (CAHPERD), and State Council on Adapted Physical Education (SCAPE). Her primary scholarly interests are evidence-based teaching practices for autistic youth and adapted physical education assessment. She has given many scholarly presentations and workshops at the international, national, and state levels. Elizabeth Foster, PhD, CAPE, is an associate professor of adapted physical activity and adapted physical education (APA/APE) at West Chester University. She is the APA/APE program coordinator, graduate coordinator of the APE graduate certificate program, program coordinator for health and physical education majors, and director of the adapted physical activity minor. Dr. Foster was named the 2012 APE Teacher of the Year by the Pennsylvania State Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. She is a member of the Pennsylvania Deaf-Blind Advisory Committee, is a special advisor for the Pennsylvania Partnership for the Deafblind, and is the research chair for the National Consortium for Physical Education for Individuals With Disabilities. She is also certified in English as a secondary language. In addition, Foster has been involved with various adapted sport organizations and disability organizations promoting physical activities, fitness, adapted sports, and aquatics for all individuals with disabilities. Jean Pyfer, PNP, CAPE, is an emeritus faculty professor of Texas Woman's University and retired dean. She earned her bachelor's degree in physical education and biology from Bradley University, her master's degree in physical education from Indiana University (IU), and her doctorate in physical education and educational psychology from IU. Her professional specializations include adapted physical education, movement assessment, programming to alleviate sensory motor development delays, and motor development during growth. Lauriece Zittel, PhD, CAPE, is a professor of adapted physical activity in the kinesiology and physical education department of Northern Illinois University. Her research interests include early childhood physical activity and movement skill assessment, curriculum design, and instruction for children with disabilities and those at risk for developmental delay. She earned her doctoral degree in movement studies in disability from Oregon State University, her MSEd degree in physical education from the University of Maine, and her BS degree in physical education from Valparaiso University.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Adapted Physical Education
Definition of Physical Education in Special Education Law
Benefits of Physical Education for Learners With Disabilities
Legal Rights of Students With Disabilities
Oversight of Adapted Physical Education
Components of a Quality Adapted Physical Education Program
Adapted Physical Education Efficacy and Advocacy
Summary
Chapter 2. Determining Educational Needs Through Evaluation
Purposes of Evaluation
Legal Mandates for Evaluation and Assessment
The Evaluation Process in Adapted Physical Education
Types of Assessments
Matching Type of Assessment to Purpose
The Evaluation Process
Ongoing Assessment and Grading of Students With Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 3. Developing the Individualized Education Program
Professional Personnel Who May Be Involved in the Individualized Education
Program Process
Components of the Individualized Education Program
Participants in the Individualized Education Program Team Meeting
Agenda for the Individualized Education Program Meeting
Encouraging and Maximizing Parent Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Encouraging and Maximizing Student Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Ongoing Requirements for the Individualized Education Program
Summary
Chapter 4. Teaching to Meet Learners’ Needs
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Levels of Motor Function
Instructional Approaches to Skill Development
Summary
Chapter 5. Facilitating Universally Designed, Culturally Responsive, and
Least Restrictive Environments
The Least Restrictive Environment and Inclusive Education
Preparing for the Least Restrictive Environment: A Proactive Approach
Universal Design for Learning
Strategies for Creating a Least Restrictive Environment for Learners With
Disabilities
Culturally Responsive Learning Environments
Working Document for the Individualized Education Program Committee: The
Least Restrictive Environment in Physical Education and Assessment of
Inclusion
Summary
Chapter 6. Enhancing Student Behavior
Defining Problem Behavior
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Trauma-Sensitive Teaching in Adapted Physical Education
Summary
Chapter 7. Teaching With Technology
Current Research
Assistive Technology
Assessment
Instruction
Equipment
Communication
Administrative Tasks
Behavior Management and Classroom Structure
Summary
Chapter 8. Transition Planning
Transition Defined
Framework for Transition Planning
Community Sport and Recreation
Summary
Chapter 9. Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Movement Phases
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Stages of Play
Developmentally Appropriate Assessment of Infants, Toddlers, and
Preschoolers
Early Intervention Programs: Birth to 3 Years
Individualized Family Service Plan
Strategies for Teaching Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Preschool Programs: Ages 3 to 5 Years
Play for Children With Severe Disabilities
Responsibilities of the Adapted Physical Education Teacher
Social-Emotional Learning for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Summary
Chapter 10. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Definition
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Students With Severe and Profound Intellectual Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 11. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 12. Specific Learning Disabilities
Definition
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 13. Emotional Disturbance
Definitions
Incidence
Continuum and Context of Behaviors
Types of Mental Health Conditions
Causes of Emotional Disturbance
Characteristics of Students With Emotional Disturbance
The Physical Education Program
Evaluation and Assessment
Teaching Strategies
Curriculum
Summary
Chapter 14. Physically Disabling Conditions
Definition and Scope
Neurological Disorders
Orthopedic Disabilities
Traumatic Injuries
Evaluating Students With Physical Disabilities
Social-Emotional Needs of Students With Physical Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 15. Deafness and Hard of Hearing
Educational Philosophies for Working With Students With Hearing Loss
Deaf Community and Culture
Definition
Incidence
Identifying Hearing Loss
Levels of Hearing Loss
Onset of Hearing Loss
Anatomy of the Ear
Causes and Types of Hearing Loss
Characteristics of Students With Hearing Loss
The Physical Education Program
Placement
Curriculum Design
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Chapter 16. Visual Impairments, Blindness, and Deafblindness
Definition of Visual Impairment
Incidence of Visual Impairment
Preventing Vision Loss
Causes of Vision Loss
Characteristics of Students With Vision Loss
The Physical Education Program
Deafblindness
Summary
Chapter 17. Other Health Impairments
Asthma
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetes
Dwarfism
Sickle Cell Disease
Speech and Language Disorders
Summary
Chapter 18. Students With Significant Support Needs
Definition
Characteristics of Students With Significant Support Needs
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Definition of Physical Education in Special Education Law
Benefits of Physical Education for Learners With Disabilities
Legal Rights of Students With Disabilities
Oversight of Adapted Physical Education
Components of a Quality Adapted Physical Education Program
Adapted Physical Education Efficacy and Advocacy
Summary
Chapter 2. Determining Educational Needs Through Evaluation
Purposes of Evaluation
Legal Mandates for Evaluation and Assessment
The Evaluation Process in Adapted Physical Education
Types of Assessments
Matching Type of Assessment to Purpose
The Evaluation Process
Ongoing Assessment and Grading of Students With Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 3. Developing the Individualized Education Program
Professional Personnel Who May Be Involved in the Individualized Education
Program Process
Components of the Individualized Education Program
Participants in the Individualized Education Program Team Meeting
Agenda for the Individualized Education Program Meeting
Encouraging and Maximizing Parent Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Encouraging and Maximizing Student Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Ongoing Requirements for the Individualized Education Program
Summary
Chapter 4. Teaching to Meet Learners’ Needs
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Levels of Motor Function
Instructional Approaches to Skill Development
Summary
Chapter 5. Facilitating Universally Designed, Culturally Responsive, and
Least Restrictive Environments
The Least Restrictive Environment and Inclusive Education
Preparing for the Least Restrictive Environment: A Proactive Approach
Universal Design for Learning
Strategies for Creating a Least Restrictive Environment for Learners With
Disabilities
Culturally Responsive Learning Environments
Working Document for the Individualized Education Program Committee: The
Least Restrictive Environment in Physical Education and Assessment of
Inclusion
Summary
Chapter 6. Enhancing Student Behavior
Defining Problem Behavior
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Trauma-Sensitive Teaching in Adapted Physical Education
Summary
Chapter 7. Teaching With Technology
Current Research
Assistive Technology
Assessment
Instruction
Equipment
Communication
Administrative Tasks
Behavior Management and Classroom Structure
Summary
Chapter 8. Transition Planning
Transition Defined
Framework for Transition Planning
Community Sport and Recreation
Summary
Chapter 9. Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Movement Phases
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Stages of Play
Developmentally Appropriate Assessment of Infants, Toddlers, and
Preschoolers
Early Intervention Programs: Birth to 3 Years
Individualized Family Service Plan
Strategies for Teaching Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Preschool Programs: Ages 3 to 5 Years
Play for Children With Severe Disabilities
Responsibilities of the Adapted Physical Education Teacher
Social-Emotional Learning for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Summary
Chapter 10. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Definition
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Students With Severe and Profound Intellectual Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 11. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 12. Specific Learning Disabilities
Definition
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 13. Emotional Disturbance
Definitions
Incidence
Continuum and Context of Behaviors
Types of Mental Health Conditions
Causes of Emotional Disturbance
Characteristics of Students With Emotional Disturbance
The Physical Education Program
Evaluation and Assessment
Teaching Strategies
Curriculum
Summary
Chapter 14. Physically Disabling Conditions
Definition and Scope
Neurological Disorders
Orthopedic Disabilities
Traumatic Injuries
Evaluating Students With Physical Disabilities
Social-Emotional Needs of Students With Physical Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 15. Deafness and Hard of Hearing
Educational Philosophies for Working With Students With Hearing Loss
Deaf Community and Culture
Definition
Incidence
Identifying Hearing Loss
Levels of Hearing Loss
Onset of Hearing Loss
Anatomy of the Ear
Causes and Types of Hearing Loss
Characteristics of Students With Hearing Loss
The Physical Education Program
Placement
Curriculum Design
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Chapter 16. Visual Impairments, Blindness, and Deafblindness
Definition of Visual Impairment
Incidence of Visual Impairment
Preventing Vision Loss
Causes of Vision Loss
Characteristics of Students With Vision Loss
The Physical Education Program
Deafblindness
Summary
Chapter 17. Other Health Impairments
Asthma
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetes
Dwarfism
Sickle Cell Disease
Speech and Language Disorders
Summary
Chapter 18. Students With Significant Support Needs
Definition
Characteristics of Students With Significant Support Needs
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction to Adapted Physical Education
Definition of Physical Education in Special Education Law
Benefits of Physical Education for Learners With Disabilities
Legal Rights of Students With Disabilities
Oversight of Adapted Physical Education
Components of a Quality Adapted Physical Education Program
Adapted Physical Education Efficacy and Advocacy
Summary
Chapter 2. Determining Educational Needs Through Evaluation
Purposes of Evaluation
Legal Mandates for Evaluation and Assessment
The Evaluation Process in Adapted Physical Education
Types of Assessments
Matching Type of Assessment to Purpose
The Evaluation Process
Ongoing Assessment and Grading of Students With Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 3. Developing the Individualized Education Program
Professional Personnel Who May Be Involved in the Individualized Education
Program Process
Components of the Individualized Education Program
Participants in the Individualized Education Program Team Meeting
Agenda for the Individualized Education Program Meeting
Encouraging and Maximizing Parent Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Encouraging and Maximizing Student Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Ongoing Requirements for the Individualized Education Program
Summary
Chapter 4. Teaching to Meet Learners’ Needs
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Levels of Motor Function
Instructional Approaches to Skill Development
Summary
Chapter 5. Facilitating Universally Designed, Culturally Responsive, and
Least Restrictive Environments
The Least Restrictive Environment and Inclusive Education
Preparing for the Least Restrictive Environment: A Proactive Approach
Universal Design for Learning
Strategies for Creating a Least Restrictive Environment for Learners With
Disabilities
Culturally Responsive Learning Environments
Working Document for the Individualized Education Program Committee: The
Least Restrictive Environment in Physical Education and Assessment of
Inclusion
Summary
Chapter 6. Enhancing Student Behavior
Defining Problem Behavior
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Trauma-Sensitive Teaching in Adapted Physical Education
Summary
Chapter 7. Teaching With Technology
Current Research
Assistive Technology
Assessment
Instruction
Equipment
Communication
Administrative Tasks
Behavior Management and Classroom Structure
Summary
Chapter 8. Transition Planning
Transition Defined
Framework for Transition Planning
Community Sport and Recreation
Summary
Chapter 9. Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Movement Phases
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Stages of Play
Developmentally Appropriate Assessment of Infants, Toddlers, and
Preschoolers
Early Intervention Programs: Birth to 3 Years
Individualized Family Service Plan
Strategies for Teaching Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Preschool Programs: Ages 3 to 5 Years
Play for Children With Severe Disabilities
Responsibilities of the Adapted Physical Education Teacher
Social-Emotional Learning for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Summary
Chapter 10. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Definition
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Students With Severe and Profound Intellectual Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 11. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 12. Specific Learning Disabilities
Definition
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 13. Emotional Disturbance
Definitions
Incidence
Continuum and Context of Behaviors
Types of Mental Health Conditions
Causes of Emotional Disturbance
Characteristics of Students With Emotional Disturbance
The Physical Education Program
Evaluation and Assessment
Teaching Strategies
Curriculum
Summary
Chapter 14. Physically Disabling Conditions
Definition and Scope
Neurological Disorders
Orthopedic Disabilities
Traumatic Injuries
Evaluating Students With Physical Disabilities
Social-Emotional Needs of Students With Physical Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 15. Deafness and Hard of Hearing
Educational Philosophies for Working With Students With Hearing Loss
Deaf Community and Culture
Definition
Incidence
Identifying Hearing Loss
Levels of Hearing Loss
Onset of Hearing Loss
Anatomy of the Ear
Causes and Types of Hearing Loss
Characteristics of Students With Hearing Loss
The Physical Education Program
Placement
Curriculum Design
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Chapter 16. Visual Impairments, Blindness, and Deafblindness
Definition of Visual Impairment
Incidence of Visual Impairment
Preventing Vision Loss
Causes of Vision Loss
Characteristics of Students With Vision Loss
The Physical Education Program
Deafblindness
Summary
Chapter 17. Other Health Impairments
Asthma
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetes
Dwarfism
Sickle Cell Disease
Speech and Language Disorders
Summary
Chapter 18. Students With Significant Support Needs
Definition
Characteristics of Students With Significant Support Needs
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Definition of Physical Education in Special Education Law
Benefits of Physical Education for Learners With Disabilities
Legal Rights of Students With Disabilities
Oversight of Adapted Physical Education
Components of a Quality Adapted Physical Education Program
Adapted Physical Education Efficacy and Advocacy
Summary
Chapter 2. Determining Educational Needs Through Evaluation
Purposes of Evaluation
Legal Mandates for Evaluation and Assessment
The Evaluation Process in Adapted Physical Education
Types of Assessments
Matching Type of Assessment to Purpose
The Evaluation Process
Ongoing Assessment and Grading of Students With Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 3. Developing the Individualized Education Program
Professional Personnel Who May Be Involved in the Individualized Education
Program Process
Components of the Individualized Education Program
Participants in the Individualized Education Program Team Meeting
Agenda for the Individualized Education Program Meeting
Encouraging and Maximizing Parent Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Encouraging and Maximizing Student Participation in the Individualized
Education Program Process
Ongoing Requirements for the Individualized Education Program
Summary
Chapter 4. Teaching to Meet Learners’ Needs
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Levels of Motor Function
Instructional Approaches to Skill Development
Summary
Chapter 5. Facilitating Universally Designed, Culturally Responsive, and
Least Restrictive Environments
The Least Restrictive Environment and Inclusive Education
Preparing for the Least Restrictive Environment: A Proactive Approach
Universal Design for Learning
Strategies for Creating a Least Restrictive Environment for Learners With
Disabilities
Culturally Responsive Learning Environments
Working Document for the Individualized Education Program Committee: The
Least Restrictive Environment in Physical Education and Assessment of
Inclusion
Summary
Chapter 6. Enhancing Student Behavior
Defining Problem Behavior
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Trauma-Sensitive Teaching in Adapted Physical Education
Summary
Chapter 7. Teaching With Technology
Current Research
Assistive Technology
Assessment
Instruction
Equipment
Communication
Administrative Tasks
Behavior Management and Classroom Structure
Summary
Chapter 8. Transition Planning
Transition Defined
Framework for Transition Planning
Community Sport and Recreation
Summary
Chapter 9. Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Movement Phases
Ages and Stages: Understanding Typical and Atypical Development
Stages of Play
Developmentally Appropriate Assessment of Infants, Toddlers, and
Preschoolers
Early Intervention Programs: Birth to 3 Years
Individualized Family Service Plan
Strategies for Teaching Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Preschool Programs: Ages 3 to 5 Years
Play for Children With Severe Disabilities
Responsibilities of the Adapted Physical Education Teacher
Social-Emotional Learning for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Summary
Chapter 10. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Definition
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Students With Severe and Profound Intellectual Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 11. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Incidence
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 12. Specific Learning Disabilities
Definition
Causes
Characteristics of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities
The Physical Education Program
Summary
Chapter 13. Emotional Disturbance
Definitions
Incidence
Continuum and Context of Behaviors
Types of Mental Health Conditions
Causes of Emotional Disturbance
Characteristics of Students With Emotional Disturbance
The Physical Education Program
Evaluation and Assessment
Teaching Strategies
Curriculum
Summary
Chapter 14. Physically Disabling Conditions
Definition and Scope
Neurological Disorders
Orthopedic Disabilities
Traumatic Injuries
Evaluating Students With Physical Disabilities
Social-Emotional Needs of Students With Physical Disabilities
Summary
Chapter 15. Deafness and Hard of Hearing
Educational Philosophies for Working With Students With Hearing Loss
Deaf Community and Culture
Definition
Incidence
Identifying Hearing Loss
Levels of Hearing Loss
Onset of Hearing Loss
Anatomy of the Ear
Causes and Types of Hearing Loss
Characteristics of Students With Hearing Loss
The Physical Education Program
Placement
Curriculum Design
Teaching Strategies
Summary
Chapter 16. Visual Impairments, Blindness, and Deafblindness
Definition of Visual Impairment
Incidence of Visual Impairment
Preventing Vision Loss
Causes of Vision Loss
Characteristics of Students With Vision Loss
The Physical Education Program
Deafblindness
Summary
Chapter 17. Other Health Impairments
Asthma
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetes
Dwarfism
Sickle Cell Disease
Speech and Language Disorders
Summary
Chapter 18. Students With Significant Support Needs
Definition
Characteristics of Students With Significant Support Needs
The Physical Education Program
Teaching Strategies
Summary