D Peter Snustad, Michael J Simmons

Principles of Genetics

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Produktbeschreibung

"Principles of Genetics is one of the most popular texts in use for the introductory course. It opens a window on the rapidly advancing science of genetics by showing exactly how genetics is done. Throughout, the authors incorporate a human emphasis and highlight the role of geneticists to keep students interested and motivated. The 7th edition has been updated to reflect the latest developments in the field of genetics. Principles of Genetics continues to educate todays students for tomorrows science by focusing on features that aid in content comprehension and application"--Provided by publisher.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley
• 7th Binder Ready Version edition
• Seitenzahl: 648
• Erscheinungstermin: 26. Oktober 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 273mm x 231mm x 19mm
• Gewicht: 1274g
• ISBN-13: 9781119142287
• ISBN-10: 1119142288
• Artikelnr.: 49138059

Autorenporträt

D. Peter Snustad and Michael J. Simmons are the authors of Principles of Genetics, Binder Ready Version, 7th Edition, published by Wiley.

Inhaltsangabe

Chapter 1 : The Science of Genetics 1 The Personal Genome 1 an Invitation 2 Three Great Milestones in Genetics 2 Mendel: Genes And The Rules Of Inheritance 2 Watson And Crick: The Structure Of DNA 3 The Human Genome Project: Sequencing DNA And Cataloging Genes 4 DNA as the Genetic Material 6 DNA Replication: Propagating Genetic Information 6 Gene Expression: Using Genetic Information 7 Mutation: Changing Genetic Information 9 Genetics and Evolution 10 Levels of Genetic analysis 11 Classical Genetics 11 Molecular Genetics 11 Population Genetics 12 Genetics in the World: applications of Genetics to human Endeavors 12 Genetics In Agriculture 12 Genetics In Medicine 14 Genetics In Society 15 Chapter 2 : Cellular Reproduction 18 Dolly 18 Cells and Chromosomes 19 The Cellular Environment 19 Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells 20 Chromosomes: Where Genes Are Located 20 Cell Division 23 Mitosis 24 Meiosis 27 Meiosis: An Overview 27 Meiosis I 27 Solve It : how Much DNA in human Meiotic Cells 27 Meiosis II And The Outcomes Of Meiosis 31 Solve It : How Many Chromosome Combinations in Sperm 31 Life Cycles of Some Model Genetic Organisms 32 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Baker's Yeast 32 Arabidopsis Thaliana, A Flowering Plant 33 Mus Musculus, The Mouse 34 Problem-Solving Skills Counting Chromosomes and Chromatids 36 Chapter 3 : Mendelism: The Basic Principles of Inheritance 40 The Birth of Genetics: A Scientific Revolution 40 Mendel's Study of heredity 41 Mendel's Experimental Organism, The Garden Pea 41 Monohybrid Crosses: The Principles of Dominance And Segregation 42 Dihybrid Crosses: The Principle of Independent Assortment 44 Applications of Mendel's principles 46 The Punnett Square Method 46 The Forked-Line Method 46 The Probability Method 47 Solve It : Using probabilities in a Genetic problem 48 Testing Genetic hypotheses 48 Two Examples: Data From Mendel And Devries 49 The Chi-Square Test 49 Solve It : Using the Chi-Square test 52 Mendelian principles in human Genetics 52 Pedigrees 53 Mendelian Segregation In Human Families 54 Genetic Counseling 54 Problem-Solving Skills Making Predictions From Pedigrees 56 Chapter 4 : Extensions of Mendelism 62 Genetics Grows beyond Mendel's Monastery Garden 62 Allelic Variation and Gene Function 63 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
63 Multiple Alleles
64 Allelic Series
65 Testing Gene Mutations for Allelism
65 Solve It:The Test for Allelism 66 Variation among the Effects of Mutations
66 Genes Function to Produce Polypeptides
67 Why Are Some Mutations Dominant and Others Recessive? 68 Gene Action: From Genotype to Phenotype 69 Influence of the Environment
69 Environmental Effects on the Expression of Human Genes
70 Penetrance and Expressivity
70 Gene Interactions
71 Epistasis
71 Epistasis and Genetic Pathways 72 Pleiotropy
74 Problem-Solving Skills Going from Pathways to Phenotypic Ratios 75 Inbreeding: Another Look at Pedigrees 76 The Effects of Inbreeding
76 Genetic Analysis of Inbreeding
77 Uses Of The Inbreeding Coefficient 80 Solve It : Compound Inbreeding 80 Measuring Genetic Relationships
81 Chapter 5 : The Chromosomal Basis of Mendelism 88 Sex, Chromosomes, and Genes 88 Chromosomes 89 Chromosome Number
89 Sex Chromosomes
89 The Chromosome Theory of Heredity 91 Experimental Evidence Linking the Inheritance of Genes to Chromosomes
91 Nondisjunction as Proof of the Chromosome Theory
92 The Chromosomal Basis of Mendel's Principles of Segregation and Independent Assortment
94 Solve It : Sex Chromosome Nondisjunction 94 Problem-Solving Skills Tracking X-Linked and Autosomal Inheritance 96 Sex-Linked Genes in Humans 97 Hemophilia, an X-Linked Blood-Clotting Disorder
97 Color Blindness, an X-Linked Vision Disorder
97 Genes on the Human Y Chromosome
99 Genes on Both the X and Y Chromosomes
99 SOLVE IT Calculating the Risk for Hemophilia 99 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination 99 Sex Determination in Humans
100 Sex Determination in Drosophila 101 Sex Determination in Other Animals
101 Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes 103 Hyperactivation of X-linked Genes in Male Drosophila 103 Inactivation of X-linked Genes in Female Mammals
103 Chapter 6 : Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure 109 Chromosomes, Agriculture, and Civilization 109 Cytological Techniques 110 Analysis of Mitotic Chromosomes
110 The Human Karyotype
112 Cytogenetic Variation: An Overview
113 Polyploidy 114 Sterile Polyploids
114 Fertile Polyploids
115 Tissue-Specific Polyploidy and Polyteny
116 Solve It : Chromosome Pairing in Polyploids 116 Aneuploidy 118 Trisomy in Humans
119 Monosomy
120 Problem-Solving Skills : Tracing Sex Chromosome Nondisjunction 122 Deletions and Duplications of Chromosome Segments
122 Rearrangements of Chromosome Structure 124 Inversions
124 Translocations
125 Compound Chromosomes and Robertsonian Translocations
126 Solve It : Pollen Abortion in Translocation Heterozygotes 127 Chapter 7 : Linkage, Crossing Over, and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes 133 The World's First Chromosome Map 133 Linkage, Recombination, and Crossing Over 134 Early Evidence for Linkage and Recombination
134 Crossing Over as the Physical Basis of Recombination
136 Evidence That Crossing Over Causes Recombination
137 Chiasmata and the Time of Crossing Over
138 Chromosome Mapping 139 Crossing Over as a Measure of Genetic Distance
139 Recombination Mapping with a Two-Point Testcross
140 Recombination Mapping with a Three-Point Testcross
140 Solve It : Mapping Two Genes with Testcross Data 141 Problem-Solving Skills Using a Genetic Map to Predict the Outcome of a Cross 144 Recombination Frequency and Genetic Map Distance
144 Cytogenetic Mapping 146 Localizing Genes Using Deletions and Duplications
146 Genetic Distance and Physical Distance
147 Solve It : Cytological Mapping of a Drosophila Gene 148 Linkage Analysis in Humans 148 An Example: Linkage Between Blood Groups And The Nail-Patella Syndrome 149 Detecting Linkage With Molecular Markers 150 Recombination and Evolution 151 Evolutionary Significance of Recombination
151 Suppression of Recombination by Inversions
152 Chapter 8 : The Genetics of Bacteria and Their Viruses 161 Multi - Drug-Resistant Bacteria: A Ticking Timebomb? 161 Viruses and Bacteria in Genetics 162 The Genetics of Viruses 163 Bacteriophage T4 163 Bacteriophage Lambdä164 The Genetics of Bacteria 167 Mutant Genes in Bacteriä168 Unidirectional Gene Transfer in Bacteriä169 Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange in Bacteria 170 Transformation
171 Mechanism Of Transformation 172 Conjugation
173 Using Conjugation To Map E. Coli Genes 175 Plasmids and Episomes
177 Problem-Solving Skills Mapping Genes Using Conjugation Data 178 F Factors and Sexduction
179 Transduction
180 Solve It : How Can You Map Closely Linked Genes  Using Partial Diploids? 181 Evolutionary Significance Of Genetic Exchange In Bacteria 183 Solve It : How Do Bacterial Genomes Evolve? 183 Chapter 9 : DNA and the Molecular Structure of Chromosomes 189 Discovery of Nuclein 189 Proof That Genetic Information Is Stored in DNA and RNA
190 Proof That DNA Mediates Transformation
190 Proof That DNA Carries the Genetic Information in Bacteriophage T2 191 Proof That RNA Stores the Genetic Information in Some Viruses
193 The Structures of DNA and Rna 194 Nature of the Chemical Subunits in DNA and RNA 194 DNA Structure: The Double Helix 195 Problem-Solving Skills Calculating base Content in DNA
199 DNA Structure: Alternate Forms of the Double Helix 199 Solve It : What Are Some Important Features of Double-Stranded DNA? 200 DNA Structure: Negative Supercoils In Vivo 200 Chromosome Structure in Viruses and Prokaryotes 201 Chromosome Structure in Eukaryotes 203 Chemical Composition of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
203 One Large DNA Molecule per Chromosome
204 Nucleosomes 205 Packaging Of Chromatin In Eukaryotic Chromosomes 207 Solve It : How Many Nucleosomes in One Human X Chromosome? 207 Special Features of Eukaryotic Chromosomes 208 Complexity Of DNA In Chromosomes: Unique And Repetitive Sequences 209 Centromeres 211 Telomeres 211 Chapter 10 : Replication of DNA and Chromosomes 217 Monozygotic Twins: Are They Identical? 217 Basic Features of DNA Replication In Vivo 218 Semiconservative Replication Of DNA Molecules 218 Semi conservative replication of eukaryotic chromosomes
220 Origins of Replication
221 Solve It : Semiconservative Replication of DNA
221 Problem-Solving Skills Predicting Patterns of 3 H Labeling in Chromosomes 223 Replication Forks
224 Bidirectional Replication
225 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes 228 Continuous Synthesis of One Strand; Discontinuous Synthesis of the Other Strand
228 Covalent Closure of Nicks in DNA by DNA Ligase
229 Initiation of DNA Replication
230 Initiation of DNA Chains with RNA Primers
230 Unwinding DNA with Helicases, DNA-Binding Proteins, and Topoisomerases
232 Multiple DNA Polymerases
235 Proofreading 237 The Primosome and the Replisome
238 Rolling-Circle Replication
240 Unique Aspects of Eukaryotic Chromosome Replication 241 The Cell Cycle
241 Multiple Replicons per Chromosome
241 Two or More DNA Polymerases at a Single Replication Fork
242 Solve It : Understanding Replication of the Human X Chromosome 243 Duplication of Nucleosomes at Replication Forks
243 Telomerase: Replication of Chromosome Termini
244 Telomere Length and Aging in Humans
245 Chapter 11 : Transcription and RNA Processing 252 Storage and Transmission of Information with Simple Codes 252 Transfer of Genetic Information: The Central Dogma 253 Transcription and Translation
253 Five Types of RNA Molecules
254 The Process of Gene Expression 255 An mRNA Intermediary
255 General Features of RNA Synthesis
257 Problem-Solving Skills Distinguishing RNAs Transcribed from Viral and Host DNAs 258 Transcription in Prokaryotes 259 RNA Polymerases: Complex Enzymes
259 Initiation of RNA Chains
260 Elongation of RNA Chains
260 Termination of RNA Chains
261 Concurrent Transcription, Translation, and mRNA Degradation
262 Transcription and RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 263 Five RNA Polymerases/Five Sets of Genes
263 Initiation of RNA Chains
265 Solve It : Initiation of Transcription by RNA Polymerase II in Eukaryotes 265 RNA Chain Elongation and the Addition of 5 Methyl Guanosine Caps
266 Termination by Chain Cleavage and the Addition of 3 Poly(A) Tails
267 Solve It : Formation of the 3 -Terminus of an RNA Polymerase II Transcript 268 RNA Editing: Altering the Information Content of mRNA Molecules
268 Interrupted Genes in Eukaryotes: Exons and Introns 269 Evidence For Introns 270 Some Very Large Eukaryotic Genes
271 Introns: Biological Significance? 271 Removal of Intron Sequences by RNA Splicing 272 Sequence Signals For RNA Splicing 272 tRNA Precursor Splicing: Unique Nuclease and Ligase Activities
273 Autocatalytic Splicing
273 Pre-mRNA Splicing: snRNAs, snRNPs, and the spliceosome
274 Chapter 12 : Translation and the Genetic Code 280 Sickle - Cell Anemia : Devastating Effects of a Single Amino Acid Change 280 Protein Structure 281 Polypeptides: Twenty Different Amino Acid Subunits
281 Proteins: Complex Three-Dimensional Structures
281 Genes Encode Polypeptides 284 Beadle and Tatum: One Gene-One Enzyme
284 Crick and Colleagues: Each Amino Acid In A Polypeptide Is Specified By Three Nucleotides 286 The Components of Polypeptide Synthesis 289 Overview Of Gene Expression 289 Ribosomes
290 Transfer RNAs 292 The Process of Polypeptide Synthesis 294 Polypeptide Chain Initiation
294 Polypeptide Chain Elongation
298 Polypeptide Chain Termination
300 Solve It : Control of Translation in Eukaryotes 300 The Genetic Code 302 Properties of the Genetic Code
302 Deciphering the Code
302 Initiation and Termination Codons
303 A Degenerate and Ordered Code
303 A Nearly Universal Code
305 Problem-Solving Skills Predicting Amino Acid Substitutions Induced by Mutagens 305 Codon-tRNA Interactions 306 Recognition of Codons by tRNAs: The Wobble Hypothesis
306 Suppressor Mutations That Produce tRNAs with Altered Codon Recognition
307 Solve It : Effects of Base-Pair Substitutions in the Coding Region of the HBB Gene 308 Chapter 13 : Mutation, DNA Repair, and Recombination 313 Xeroderma Pigmentosum : Defective Repair of Damaged DNA in Humans 313 Mutation 314 Somatic and Germinal Mutations 314 Spontaneous and Induced Mutations 314 Forward And Reverse Mutations 315 Usually Deleterious and Recessive 315 The Molecular Basis of Mutation 317 Single Base-Pair Changes And Frameshift Mutations 317 Solve It : Nucleotide-Pair Substitutions in the Human HBB Gene 318 Transposon Insertion Mutations 318 Mutations Caused By Expanding Trinucleotide Repeats 319 Mutagenesis 320 Muller's Demonstration That Mutations Can Be Induced With X-Rays 320 Inducing Mutations With Radiation 321 Inducing Mutations With Chemicals 323 Screening Chemicals For Mutagenicity: The Ames Test 326 Problem-Solving Skills Predicting Amino Acid Changes Induced by Chemical Mutagens 327 Assigning Mutations to Genes by the Complementation Test 329 Lewis's Test For Allelism 329 Applying The Complementation Test: An Example 331 Solve It : How Can You Assign Mutations to Genes? 331 DNA Repair Mechanisms 333 Light-Dependent Repair
333 Excision Repair
333 Other DNA Repair Mechanisms
334 Inherited Human Diseases With Defects In DNA Repair 336 DNA Recombination Mechanisms 338 Recombination: Cleavage and Rejoining of DNA Molecules
338 Gene Conversion: DNA Repair Synthesis Associated with Recombination
341 Chapter 14 : The Techniques of Molecular Genetics 350 Treatment of Pituitary Dwarfism with Human Growth Hormone 350 Basic Techniques Used to Identify, Amplify, and Clone Genes 351 DNA Cloning: An Overview 351 Restriction Endonucleases
351 Solve It : How Many NotI Restriction Fragments in Chimpanzee DNA? 354 Producing Recombinant DNA Molecules In Vitro 354 Amplification of Recombinant DNA Molecules in Cloning Vectors
354 Cloning Large Genes and Segments of Genomes in BACs, PACs, and YACs 357 Amplification of DNA Sequences by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 358 Construction and Screening of DNA Libraries 360 Construction of Genomic Libraries
360 Construction of cDNA Libraries
361 Screening DNA Libraries for Genes of Interest
361 Solve It How Can You Clone a Specific NotI Restriction Fragment from the Orangutan Genome? 363 The Molecular Analysis of DNA, RNA, and Protein 364 Analysis of DNAs by Southern Blot Hybridizations
364 Analysis of RNAs by Northern Blot Hybridizations
365 Analysis of RNAs by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) 366 Analysis of Proteins by Western Blot Techniques
368 The Molecular Analysis of Genes and Chromosomes 368 Physical Maps of DNA Molecules Based on Restriction Enzyme Cleavage Sites
369 Nucleotide Sequences of Genes and Chromosomes
370 Problem-Solving Skills Determining the Nucleotide Sequences of Genetic Elements 373 Chapter 15 : Genomics 379 Genomes from Denisova Cave 379 Genomics: An Overview 380 The Scope Of Genomics 380 Genomics Databases 380 Problem-Solving Skills Using Bioinformatics to Investigate DNA Sequences 382 Correlated Genetic, Cytological, and Physical Maps of Chromosomes 382 Genetic, Cytological, and Physical Maps 383 High-Density Genetic Maps of Molecular Markers 384 Contig Maps And Clone Banks 385 Map-Based Cloning Of Genes 387 The Human Genome Project 387 Mapping The Human Genome 388 Sequencing The Human Genome 388 General Features Of The Human Genome 390 Repeated Sequences In The Human Genome 390 Genes In The Human Genome 391 Solve It : What Can You Learn about DNA Sequences Using Bioinformatics? 392 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms And The Human Hapmap Project 395 RNA and Protein Assays of Genome Functions 397 Microarrays And Gene Chips 397 The Green Fluorescent Protein As A Reporter Of Protein Presence 400 Genome Diversity and Evolution 401 Prokaryotic Genomes 401 A Living Bacterium With A Chemically Synthesized Genome 403 The Genomes Of Mitochondria And Chloroplasts 404 Eukaryotic Genomes 407 Comparative Genomics: A Way To Study Evolution 408 Paleogenomics 409 Solve It What Do We Know about the Mitochondrial Genome of the Extinct Woolly Mammoth? 411 Chapter 16 : Applications of Molecular Genetics 417 Gene Therapy Improves Sight in Child with Congenital Blindness 417 Use of Recombinant DNA Technology to Identify Human Genes and Diagnose Genetic Diseases 418 Huntington's Disease
418 Problem-Solving Skills Testing for Mutant Alleles that Cause Fragile X Mental Retardation 421 Cystic Fibrosis
421 Molecular Diagnosis of Human Diseases
424 Human Gene Therapy 426 Different Types Of Gene Therapy 426 Gene Therapy Vectors 427 Criteria For Approving Gene Therapy 427 Gene Therapy For Autosomal Immunodeficiency Disease 428 Gene Therapy For X-Linked Immunodeficiency Disease 428 Successful Gene Therapy And Future Prospects 430 DNA Profiling 431 DNA Profiling 431 Paternity Tests
435 Forensic Applications
435 Solve It : How Can DNA Profiles Be Used to Establish Identity? 435 Production of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria 437 Human Growth Hormone
437 Proteins with Industrial Applications
438 Transgenic Animals and Plants 439 Transgenic Animals: Microinjection of DNA into Fertilized Eggs and Transfection of Embryonic Stem Cells
439 Transgenic Plants: The Ti Plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens 440 Reverse Genetics: Dissecting Biological Processes by Inhibiting Gene Expression 442 Knockout Mutations in the Mouse
443 T-DNA and Transposon Insertions
445 RNA Interference
446 Solve It : How Might RNA Interference Be Used to Treat Burkitt's Lymphoma? 448 Genome Engineering 448 The Crispr/Cas9 System For Cleaving DNA Molecules 448 Targeted Mutagenesis With The Crispr/Cas9 System 450 Deleting, Replacing, And Editing Genes With The Crispr/ Cas9 System 452 Chapter 17 : Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 459 D'Hérelle's Dream 459 Strategies for Regulating Genes in Prokaryotes 460 Constitutive, Inducible, and Repressible Gene Expression 461 Positive and Negative Control of Gene Expression 462 Operons: Coordinately Regulated Units of Gene Expression 464 The Lactose Operon in E. coli: Induction and Catabolite Repression 466 Solve It : Constitutive Mutations in the E. coli lac Operon 468 Induction
468 Catabolite Repression
469           Problem-Solving Skills Testing Your Understanding of the lac Operon 471 Protein-DNA Interactions That Control Transcription of the lac Operon
472 The Tryptophan Operon in E. coli: Repression and Attenuation 474 Repression
474 Attenuation
475 Solve It : Regulation of the Histidine Operon of Salmonella typhimurium 477 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 479 Translational Control of Gene Expression
479 Posttranslational Regulatory Mechanisms
479 Chapter 18 : Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 484 African Trypanosomes : A Ward robe of Molecular DisguIses 484 Ways of Regulating Eukaryotic Gene Expression: An Overview 485 Dimensions of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
485 Controlled Transcription of DNA 485 Alternate Splicing of RNA 486 Cytoplasmic Control of Messenger RNA Stability
486 Solve It : Counting mRNAs 487 Induction of Transcriptional Activity by Environmental and Biological Factors 487 Temperature: The Heat-Shock Genes
488 Signal Molecules: Genes That Respond to Hormones
488 Molecular Control of Transcription in Eukaryotes 490 DNA Sequences Involved in the Control of Transcription
490 Proteins Involved in the Control of Transcription: Transcription Factors
491 Problem-Solving Skills Defining the Sequences Required for a Gene's Expression 492 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression by RNA Interference 494 RNAi Pathways
494 Sources of Short Interfering RNAs and MicroRNAs 496 Solve It Using RnAi in Cell Research 497 Gene Expression and Chromatin Organization 497 Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
498 Molecular Organization of Transcriptionally Active DNA 498 Chromatin Remodeling
499 DNA Methylation
500 Imprinting
502 Activation and Inactivation of Whole Chromosomes 503 Inactivation of X Chromosomes in Mammals
504 Hyperactivation of X Chromosomes in Drosophila 505 Hypoactivation of X Chromosomes in Caenorhabditis 506 Chapter 19 : Inheritance of Complex Traits 511 Cardiovascular Disease: A Combination of Genetic and Environmental Factors 511 Complex Traits 512 Quantifying Complex Traits
512 Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence Quantitative Traits
512 Multiple Genes Influence Quantitative Traits
512 Threshold Traits
514 Statistics of Quantitative Genetics 515 Frequency Distributions
515 The Mean and the Modal Class
516 The Variance and the Standard Deviation
516 Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Traits 517 The Multiple Factor Hypothesis
518 Partitioning the Phenotypic Variance
518 Broad-Sense Heritability
519 Solve It Estimating Genetic and Environmental Variance Components 519 Narrow-Sense Heritability
520 Predicting Phenotypes
521 Solve It Using the Narrow-Sense Heritability 522 Artificial Selection
522 Molecular Analysis of Complex Traits 523 Quantitative Trait Loci
523 Genome-Wide Association Studies Of Human Diseases 526 Problem-Solving Skills Detecting Dominance at a QTL 527 Correlations between Relatives 531 Correlating Quantitative Phenotypes between Relatives
531 Interpreting Correlations between Relatives
533 Quantitative Genetics of Human Behavioral Traits 535 Intelligence
535 Personality
536 Chapter 20 : Population Genetics 541 A Remote Colony 541 The Theory of Allele Frequencies 542 Estimating Allele Frequencies
542 Relating Genotype Frequencies to Allele Frequencies: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
543 Applications of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle
543 Exceptions to the Hardy-Weinberg Principle
545 Solve It : The Effects of Inbreeding on Hardy- Weinberg Frequencies 546 Using Allele Frequencies in Genetic Counseling
547 Natural Selection 548 The Concept of Fitness
548 Natural Selection at the Level of the Gene
549 Solve It : Selection against a Harmful Recessive Allele 550 Random Genetic Drift 552 Random Changes in Allele Frequencies
552 The Effects of Population Size
553 Problem-Solving Skills Applying Genetic Drift to Pitcairn Island 554 Populations in Genetic Equilibrium 554 Balancing Selection
555 Mutation-Selection Balance
556 Mutation-Drift Balance
557 Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems 563 Glossary 584 Index 607 Chapter 21 (Online) : Transposable Genetic Elements WC-1 Maize: A Staple Crop with a Cultural Heritage WC-1 Transposable Elements: An Overview WC-2 Transposable Elements in Bacteria WC-3 Is Elements
WC-3 Composite Transposons
WC-5 The Tn3 Element
WC-5 Solve It: Accumulating Drug-Resistance Genes WC-5 Cut-and-Paste Transposons in Eukaryotes WC-7 Ac and Ds Elements in Maize
WC-7 P Elements and Hybrid Dysgenesis in Drosophila WC-9 Problem-Solving Skills Analyzing Transposon Activity in Maize W C - 10 Retroviruses and Retrotransposons WC-11 Retroviruses
WC-12 Retroviruslike Elements
WC-14 Retroposons
WC-16 Transposable Elements in Humans WC-17 The Genetic and Evolutionary Significance of Transposable Elements WC-20 Transposons as Mutagens
WC-20 Genetic Transformation with Transposons
WC-20 Solve It Transposon-Mediated Chromosome Rearrangements W C - 22 Transposons and Genome Organization
WC-22 Chapter 22 (Online) : The Genetic Control of Animal Development WC-28 Stem-Cell Therapy WC-28 A Genetic Perspective on Development WC-29 Maternal Gene Activity in Development WC-31 Maternal-Effect Genes
WC-31 Determination of the Dorsal-Ventral and Anterior-Posterior Axes
WC-32 Solve It:  A Maternal-Effect Mutation in the cinnamon Gene W C - 32 Zygotic Gene Activity in Development WC-35 Body Segmentation
WC-35 Organ Formation
WC-37 Specification of Cell Types
WC-39 Solve It Cave Blindness W C - 39 Problem-Solving Skills The Effects of Mutations during Eye Development W C - 41 Genetic Analysis of Development in Vertebrates WC-41 Vertebrate Homologues of Invertebrate Genes
WC-41 The Mouse: Random Insertion Mutations and Gene-specific Knockout Mutations
WC-42 Studies with Mammalian Stem Cells
WC-43 Reproductive C