Polymer composites represent a field of intense and growing interest to consumers and producers of plastics. They are used to solve the most acute problems: energy and oil conservation, improvement of the properties of polymer materials, and the increase of their use. Even special problems, such as inflammability of plastics and industrial wastes, are closely connected with polymer composites. The achievements in this field are well known. Polymer composites have been widely used in building, furniture, electric appliances, cars, and other fields. Their production is growing at a higher rate…mehr
Polymer composites represent a field of intense and growing interest to consumers and producers of plastics. They are used to solve the most acute problems: energy and oil conservation, improvement of the properties of polymer materials, and the increase of their use. Even special problems, such as inflammability of plastics and industrial wastes, are closely connected with polymer composites. The achievements in this field are well known. Polymer composites have been widely used in building, furniture, electric appliances, cars, and other fields. Their production is growing at a higher rate than that of polymers as a whole. In the present book the emphasis is put on the principles that may become the foundation of designing new highly effective composites. The authors analyze their favorable properties as compared to "unfilled" polymers, as well as the means to improve moldability and strength. Economical and technical problems are examined. Special attention is paid to the matching of the components, development of technological processes of composites production, and to new ideas in the field. Fundamental and practical aspects of calculating properties and structure of composites are examined. The scope of the book does not include composites based on continuous reinforcing fibers, polymeric concretes, nor other special-purpose materials in which polymers are used to modify the properties of inorganic materials. The book reflects mainly ideas developed at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, but it also contains a review of the latest works in the field.
References.- 1. Principles of Polymer Reinforcement with Fillers.- 1.1 Matrix-to-Fillers Stress Transmission Mechanisms.- 1.1.1 Reinforcing Fibers.- 1.1.2 Dispersed Fillers.- 1.1.3 Adhesion at the Interface.- 1.1.4 Effect of Matrix.- 1.1.5 Conclusions.- 1.2 True and Effective Deformation of Polymer Matrix Composites under Tension.- 1.3 Fracture Toughness and Impact Strength of Polymer Composites..- 1.3.1 Effect of Spatial Distribution of Filler on Impact Strength.- 1.3.2 Elastification of Rigid Matrices by Filler.- 1.3.3 Elastomeric Shells Around Solid Particles.- 1.3.4 Alternative Ways of Impact Strength Improvement: Lowering of the Tg of the Matrix.- 1.3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Theoretical Models for Describing Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites.- 2.1 Calculations of the Elastic Properties of Dispersely Filled Composites.- 2.2 Calculation of the Elastic Properties of Fiber and Lamina Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.1 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.2 Interwoven Fiber Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.3 Effect of the Fiber Ends on the Elastic Properties.- 2.2.4 Transition from Unidirectional to Randomly Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.5 Lamina Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.6 Short Fiber Reinforced Composites.- 2.3 Calculation of Thermal and Electric Conductivities; Mass Transfer Processes in Polymer Composites.- 2.4 Calculations of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Composites.- 2.5 Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites.- 2.5.1 Fiber-Aligned Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites.- 2.5.2 Factors Restricting the Application of Simple Models for Failure of Composites.- 2.5.3 Role of Structural Inhomogeneities and Defects.- 2.5.4 Transversal Strength of Composites.- 2.5.5 Compressive Strength.- 2.6 Experimental Results and Reasons for the Disagreement Between Theoretical Equations and Experimental Data.- References.- 3. Polymer Composites: Manufacturing Principles.- 3.1 Compounding.- 3.1.1 Rheology of Filled Thermoplastics.- 3.1.2 Blending Effectiveness Criteria.- 3.1.3 Physico-chemical Effects Involved in Compounding in the Melt.- 3.1.4 Extrusion Compounding.- 3.1.5 Methods of Filler Treatment.- 3.2 Coating of the Filler Surface with Polymers by Radical Polymerization Techniques.- 3.2.1 Physico-Chemical Initiation.- 3.2.2 Radiation Grafting.- 3.2.3 Grafting to Cellulosic Materials.- 3.2.4 Fixation of Active Sites on Filler Surfaces.- 3.3 Ziegler-Natta Polymerization on Filler Surfaces.- 3.3.1 Polymerization Processes.- 3.3.2 Molecular Characteristics of Composites Prepared by Graft Polymerization on Fillers.- 3.3.3 Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Composites Prepared by Graft Polymerization on Fillers.- 3.3.4 Physico-Chemical and Other Properties of Composites Prepared by Graft Polymerization on Fillers.- 3.4 In Situ Polymerization.- 3.5 Matrix Modification.- 3.6 Processing of Filled Polymers.- 3.6.1 Injection Molding.- 3.6.2 Effect of the Orientation in Flowing Melt on the Anisotropy of Finished Article Properties.- 3.6.3 Extrusion.- 3.6.4 Thermoforming.- 3.7 Physico-Chemical Properties of Polymer Composites.- References.
References.- 1. Principles of Polymer Reinforcement with Fillers.- 1.1 Matrix-to-Fillers Stress Transmission Mechanisms.- 1.1.1 Reinforcing Fibers.- 1.1.2 Dispersed Fillers.- 1.1.3 Adhesion at the Interface.- 1.1.4 Effect of Matrix.- 1.1.5 Conclusions.- 1.2 True and Effective Deformation of Polymer Matrix Composites under Tension.- 1.3 Fracture Toughness and Impact Strength of Polymer Composites..- 1.3.1 Effect of Spatial Distribution of Filler on Impact Strength.- 1.3.2 Elastification of Rigid Matrices by Filler.- 1.3.3 Elastomeric Shells Around Solid Particles.- 1.3.4 Alternative Ways of Impact Strength Improvement: Lowering of the Tg of the Matrix.- 1.3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Theoretical Models for Describing Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites.- 2.1 Calculations of the Elastic Properties of Dispersely Filled Composites.- 2.2 Calculation of the Elastic Properties of Fiber and Lamina Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.1 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.2 Interwoven Fiber Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.3 Effect of the Fiber Ends on the Elastic Properties.- 2.2.4 Transition from Unidirectional to Randomly Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.5 Lamina Reinforced Composites.- 2.2.6 Short Fiber Reinforced Composites.- 2.3 Calculation of Thermal and Electric Conductivities; Mass Transfer Processes in Polymer Composites.- 2.4 Calculations of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Composites.- 2.5 Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites.- 2.5.1 Fiber-Aligned Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites.- 2.5.2 Factors Restricting the Application of Simple Models for Failure of Composites.- 2.5.3 Role of Structural Inhomogeneities and Defects.- 2.5.4 Transversal Strength of Composites.- 2.5.5 Compressive Strength.- 2.6 Experimental Results and Reasons for the Disagreement Between Theoretical Equations and Experimental Data.- References.- 3. Polymer Composites: Manufacturing Principles.- 3.1 Compounding.- 3.1.1 Rheology of Filled Thermoplastics.- 3.1.2 Blending Effectiveness Criteria.- 3.1.3 Physico-chemical Effects Involved in Compounding in the Melt.- 3.1.4 Extrusion Compounding.- 3.1.5 Methods of Filler Treatment.- 3.2 Coating of the Filler Surface with Polymers by Radical Polymerization Techniques.- 3.2.1 Physico-Chemical Initiation.- 3.2.2 Radiation Grafting.- 3.2.3 Grafting to Cellulosic Materials.- 3.2.4 Fixation of Active Sites on Filler Surfaces.- 3.3 Ziegler-Natta Polymerization on Filler Surfaces.- 3.3.1 Polymerization Processes.- 3.3.2 Molecular Characteristics of Composites Prepared by Graft Polymerization on Fillers.- 3.3.3 Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Composites Prepared by Graft Polymerization on Fillers.- 3.3.4 Physico-Chemical and Other Properties of Composites Prepared by Graft Polymerization on Fillers.- 3.4 In Situ Polymerization.- 3.5 Matrix Modification.- 3.6 Processing of Filled Polymers.- 3.6.1 Injection Molding.- 3.6.2 Effect of the Orientation in Flowing Melt on the Anisotropy of Finished Article Properties.- 3.6.3 Extrusion.- 3.6.4 Thermoforming.- 3.7 Physico-Chemical Properties of Polymer Composites.- References.
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