A comprehensive and accessible handbook for process steam systems The revised second edition of Process Steam Systems: A Practical Guide for Operators, Maintainers, Designers, and Educators delivers a practical guide to ensuring steam systems are properly and efficiently designed, operated, and maintained. The book provides comprehensive information designed to improve process steam system knowledge, reliability, and integration into current manufacturing processes. The most up-to-date version of this volume includes brand-new coverage of current codes, sustainability measures, and updated…mehr
A comprehensive and accessible handbook for process steam systems The revised second edition of Process Steam Systems: A Practical Guide for Operators, Maintainers, Designers, and Educators delivers a practical guide to ensuring steam systems are properly and efficiently designed, operated, and maintained. The book provides comprehensive information designed to improve process steam system knowledge, reliability, and integration into current manufacturing processes. The most up-to-date version of this volume includes brand-new coverage of current codes, sustainability measures, and updated applications. Heat transfer theory and thermodynamics are tied into practical applications with new practice problems ideal for both professionals seeking to improve their skills and engineers-in training. Readers will also find: * Thorough design criteria for process steam systems, complete with detailed illustrations for piping and controls * An entirely new chapter on the history of steam systems, including the evolution of the ASME code and boiler accidents * Revised coverage of current NFPA, ASME, CSD-1, FM, and building codes, as well as new insurance requirements relevant to practitioners in the industry * Expansive design guidance for steam system efficiency upgrades Perfect for operations and maintenance staff at manufacturing, healthcare, and commercial laundries, Process Steam Systems: A Practical Guide for Operators, Maintainers, Designers, and Educators will also earn a place in the libraries of consulting engineers and engineering students with an interest in process manufacturing.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Carey Merritt has over 30 years' experience designing, operating, and maintaining process steam systems. He has designed over 200 process steam systems in a wide variety of industries and countries, including Australia, Canada, and China.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Examples xv List of Tables xvii 1 Steam: a Heat Transfer Fluid 1 Why Steam? 1 Steam Is Safe and Flexible 2 Steam Is Easy to Control 2 The Concept of Steam Formation: Boiling 3 Pressure and Boiling 4 The Ideal Gas Law 6 2 The Development of Boiler Safety 9 How It All Began 9 The Consequences of Development 10 Development of Asme Code 12 Future of Steam 13 3 Understanding Heat Transfer 15 Radiation-Type Heat Transfer 15 Conduction-Type Heat Transfer 18 Convection-Type Heat Transfer 21 The Heat Transfer Equations 23 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) 23 mean Temperature Difference ( T M) 25 T m for a Steam Boiler 26 T m for a Steam to Process Fluid Heat Exchanger 27 Surface Area (m) 27 Heat Flux 30 4 Steam Formation, Accumulation, and Condensation 31 The Boiling Process 31 Steaming 32 Latent and Sensible Heat Versus Pressure 34 Condensation of Steam 34 The Formation of Flash Steam 36 Steam Accumulation and Storage 38 5 Steam Quality: It Matters 41 Why Steam Quality Is Important 42 Poor Steam Quality Causes and Cures 42 Steam Classifications 45 Measuring Steam Quality 47 Superheated Steam 48 6 The Steam System Design 53 Steam System Types 53 The Process Steam System: An Overview 55 7 The Steam Generator 59 The Ideal Steam Generator 60 Steam Generator Types 62 Fossil Fuel-Fired Boilers 62 Solid Fuel-Fired Boilers 68 Electric Boilers 70 Unfired Steam Generators 73 Heat Recovery Steam Generators 74 8 Boiler Operation and Trim 75 The Packaged Boiler Concept 76 Fuel Delivery and Combustion Systems 83 Low Emissions 91 Multiple Boiler Sequencing 94 9 The Steam Delivery System 97 Steam Flow 97 Steam Distribution Piping 98 Control Valves 111 Steam Accumulation 116 Steam Filtration 120 Sensors and Meters 122 Steam Metering 123 Stop and Safety Valves 123 10 The Condensate Recovery System 129 Condensate Line Sizing 131 Steam Trap Applications 134 Thermostatic Group 134 Mechanical Group 134 Thermodynamic Group 134 Thermostatic Steam Trap Group 134 Mechanical Group 136 Thermodynamic Group 139 Flash Steam Utilization 142 How to Size Flash Tanks and Vent Lines 143 Condensate Collection 146 Electric Condensate Return System 146 Pressure Motive Condensate Pump 148 Pressure Motive Pump Installation Requirements 148 Pumped Condensate Return Line Installation 151 Surge Tank Application 152 11 The Feed Water System 153 Feed Water Deaeration 153 The Elimination of Dissolved Gases 154 Feed Water Tanks 156 Feed Water Tank Sizing 158 Feed Water Pumps 160 Feed Water Pump Sizing 164 Feed Water Piping 166 Feed Water-Surge Tank Controls 168 12 Steam System Chemistry Control 169 Basic Water Chemistry 169 Scale Control 171 Fouling Control 174 Corrosion Control 175 Boiler Blowdown 178 Best Operating Practices for Boiler Blowdown 179 Automatic Versus Manual Blowdown Controls 179 Determining Blowdown Rate 180 Chemical Feed Systems 181 Chemistry Limits 183 Steam System Metallurgy 183 13 Mechanical Room Considerations 187 Codes and Standards 187 Steam Load Profile 190 Steam System Performance Considerations 192 Environmental Considerations 194 Boiler Room Utilities 200 14 Steam System Applications 207 Low-Pressure Steam with High Condensate Returns 209 High-Pressure Steam with High Condensate Returns 210 High- or Low-Pressure Steam with Little or No Returns 212 High-Pressure or Superheated Steam with Condensate Returns 214 Multiple Boiler Installations 215 Steam for Hot Water Generation 217 Other Miscellaneous Steam-Use Application Designs 219 15 Specialized Steam Equipment 223 Back Pressure Turbine 223 Steam Hydro Heater 225 Steam Superheaters 226 Steam Dump Mufflers 229 Jacketed Kettles 230 Sterilizers 230 Reboilers 231 16 Steam System Efficiency/Sustainability 233 The System Heat Balance 233 Boiler Heat Balance 234 Boiler Efficiency 234 Steam System Efficiency 239 Boiler Internal Cleanliness 244 Steam Delivery System Efficiency 245 Condensate and Feed Water System Efficiency 246 Biomass Fuel Water Content Reduction 248 17 Shutdown, Startup, Inspection, and Maintenance 249 Shutdown and Startup Practices 249 Boiler Safety Checks 251 Maintenance and Inspection Practices 253 Inspections 255 Boil Out and Layup Practices 257 18 Troubleshooting and Commissioning Basics 261 Startup Versus Commissioning 261 Approach to Troubleshooting 262 Don't Play the Blame Game 262 Precommissioning 263 19 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Steam Generator 265 Determining Boiler Input, Output, and Efficiency 265 Boiler Performance Test 267 Commissioning the Boiler Burner Controls 269 Commissioning the Boiler Pressure Control System 269 Commissioning the Boiler Level Control System 270 Commissioning the Boiler Blowdown Controls 270 Steam Boiler Troubleshooting 270 20 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Steam Delivery System 279 Steam Distribution Piping 279 Control Valves 280 Steam Piping Venting 281 Condensate Trapping/Draining 281 Troubleshooting the Steam Delivery System 281 21 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water System 283 Condensate Collection 283 Feed Water System 285 Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water Systems 285 22 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Water Treatment Equipment 289 Setting Up the Water Treatment Systems 289 Troubleshooting Water Treatment System Problems 290 23 Sample Problem Sets 293 Appendix A References and Reference Information 297 Appendix B Operations, Maintenance, and Inspection Guidance 313 Appendix C Steam System Design and Commissioning Guidance 323 Appendix D Problem Set Answers 331 Index341
Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Examples xv List of Tables xvii 1 Steam: a Heat Transfer Fluid 1 Why Steam? 1 Steam Is Safe and Flexible 2 Steam Is Easy to Control 2 The Concept of Steam Formation: Boiling 3 Pressure and Boiling 4 The Ideal Gas Law 6 2 The Development of Boiler Safety 9 How It All Began 9 The Consequences of Development 10 Development of Asme Code 12 Future of Steam 13 3 Understanding Heat Transfer 15 Radiation-Type Heat Transfer 15 Conduction-Type Heat Transfer 18 Convection-Type Heat Transfer 21 The Heat Transfer Equations 23 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) 23 mean Temperature Difference ( T M) 25 T m for a Steam Boiler 26 T m for a Steam to Process Fluid Heat Exchanger 27 Surface Area (m) 27 Heat Flux 30 4 Steam Formation, Accumulation, and Condensation 31 The Boiling Process 31 Steaming 32 Latent and Sensible Heat Versus Pressure 34 Condensation of Steam 34 The Formation of Flash Steam 36 Steam Accumulation and Storage 38 5 Steam Quality: It Matters 41 Why Steam Quality Is Important 42 Poor Steam Quality Causes and Cures 42 Steam Classifications 45 Measuring Steam Quality 47 Superheated Steam 48 6 The Steam System Design 53 Steam System Types 53 The Process Steam System: An Overview 55 7 The Steam Generator 59 The Ideal Steam Generator 60 Steam Generator Types 62 Fossil Fuel-Fired Boilers 62 Solid Fuel-Fired Boilers 68 Electric Boilers 70 Unfired Steam Generators 73 Heat Recovery Steam Generators 74 8 Boiler Operation and Trim 75 The Packaged Boiler Concept 76 Fuel Delivery and Combustion Systems 83 Low Emissions 91 Multiple Boiler Sequencing 94 9 The Steam Delivery System 97 Steam Flow 97 Steam Distribution Piping 98 Control Valves 111 Steam Accumulation 116 Steam Filtration 120 Sensors and Meters 122 Steam Metering 123 Stop and Safety Valves 123 10 The Condensate Recovery System 129 Condensate Line Sizing 131 Steam Trap Applications 134 Thermostatic Group 134 Mechanical Group 134 Thermodynamic Group 134 Thermostatic Steam Trap Group 134 Mechanical Group 136 Thermodynamic Group 139 Flash Steam Utilization 142 How to Size Flash Tanks and Vent Lines 143 Condensate Collection 146 Electric Condensate Return System 146 Pressure Motive Condensate Pump 148 Pressure Motive Pump Installation Requirements 148 Pumped Condensate Return Line Installation 151 Surge Tank Application 152 11 The Feed Water System 153 Feed Water Deaeration 153 The Elimination of Dissolved Gases 154 Feed Water Tanks 156 Feed Water Tank Sizing 158 Feed Water Pumps 160 Feed Water Pump Sizing 164 Feed Water Piping 166 Feed Water-Surge Tank Controls 168 12 Steam System Chemistry Control 169 Basic Water Chemistry 169 Scale Control 171 Fouling Control 174 Corrosion Control 175 Boiler Blowdown 178 Best Operating Practices for Boiler Blowdown 179 Automatic Versus Manual Blowdown Controls 179 Determining Blowdown Rate 180 Chemical Feed Systems 181 Chemistry Limits 183 Steam System Metallurgy 183 13 Mechanical Room Considerations 187 Codes and Standards 187 Steam Load Profile 190 Steam System Performance Considerations 192 Environmental Considerations 194 Boiler Room Utilities 200 14 Steam System Applications 207 Low-Pressure Steam with High Condensate Returns 209 High-Pressure Steam with High Condensate Returns 210 High- or Low-Pressure Steam with Little or No Returns 212 High-Pressure or Superheated Steam with Condensate Returns 214 Multiple Boiler Installations 215 Steam for Hot Water Generation 217 Other Miscellaneous Steam-Use Application Designs 219 15 Specialized Steam Equipment 223 Back Pressure Turbine 223 Steam Hydro Heater 225 Steam Superheaters 226 Steam Dump Mufflers 229 Jacketed Kettles 230 Sterilizers 230 Reboilers 231 16 Steam System Efficiency/Sustainability 233 The System Heat Balance 233 Boiler Heat Balance 234 Boiler Efficiency 234 Steam System Efficiency 239 Boiler Internal Cleanliness 244 Steam Delivery System Efficiency 245 Condensate and Feed Water System Efficiency 246 Biomass Fuel Water Content Reduction 248 17 Shutdown, Startup, Inspection, and Maintenance 249 Shutdown and Startup Practices 249 Boiler Safety Checks 251 Maintenance and Inspection Practices 253 Inspections 255 Boil Out and Layup Practices 257 18 Troubleshooting and Commissioning Basics 261 Startup Versus Commissioning 261 Approach to Troubleshooting 262 Don't Play the Blame Game 262 Precommissioning 263 19 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Steam Generator 265 Determining Boiler Input, Output, and Efficiency 265 Boiler Performance Test 267 Commissioning the Boiler Burner Controls 269 Commissioning the Boiler Pressure Control System 269 Commissioning the Boiler Level Control System 270 Commissioning the Boiler Blowdown Controls 270 Steam Boiler Troubleshooting 270 20 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Steam Delivery System 279 Steam Distribution Piping 279 Control Valves 280 Steam Piping Venting 281 Condensate Trapping/Draining 281 Troubleshooting the Steam Delivery System 281 21 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water System 283 Condensate Collection 283 Feed Water System 285 Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water Systems 285 22 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Water Treatment Equipment 289 Setting Up the Water Treatment Systems 289 Troubleshooting Water Treatment System Problems 290 23 Sample Problem Sets 293 Appendix A References and Reference Information 297 Appendix B Operations, Maintenance, and Inspection Guidance 313 Appendix C Steam System Design and Commissioning Guidance 323 Appendix D Problem Set Answers 331 Index341
Es gelten unsere Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen: www.buecher.de/agb
Impressum
www.buecher.de ist ein Internetauftritt der buecher.de internetstores GmbH
Geschäftsführung: Monica Sawhney | Roland Kölbl | Günter Hilger
Sitz der Gesellschaft: Batheyer Straße 115 - 117, 58099 Hagen
Postanschrift: Bürgermeister-Wegele-Str. 12, 86167 Augsburg
Amtsgericht Hagen HRB 13257
Steuernummer: 321/5800/1497
