The book explores the diverse conflict situations in different ethnically divided countries in Africa south of the Sahara. Basically, the research work is focused on the conflicts in Kenya (2007), the Central African Republic, and South Sudan. The book also assesses the implications of ethnic historical grievances as well as the invocation and operationalization of R2P in the conflicts and societies under consideration. The book provides an objective analysis of why the R2P doctrine failed as a platform for conflict resolution in the cited societies. The Author provided some insightful narratives about triggers of conflicts in several other ethnically divided countries in Africa south of the Sahara.