This book presents recent developments in Synthesis, Characterization and Luminescence Property of rare-earth doped nanophosphors and Semiconductor Nanostructures. An insight in photoluminescence property of rare-earth doped nanophosphors and II-VI semiconductor nanostructures of different morphologies are discussed with variation of particle size, morphology, dopant concentration, synthesis method, reaction time, surfactant, chelating agent etc. employing cost effective "Bottom-up" synthesis techniques such as hydrothermal, co-precipitation method, sol-gel, micro-emulsion, solution combustion method and characterization with Vacuum Ultra-violet Photoluminescence Spectrometer with 147 and 173 nm excitation and Ultra-violet Photoluminescence Spectrometer with 200-400 nm excitation, UV-Visible Absorption Spectrometer, Micro-Raman Spectrometer, X-ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy are presented. This book shall serve as general introduction to luminescence dynamics, synthesis and characterization of semiconductor & rare-earth doped nanostructures for teaching and self-study purposes.