Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In mathematics, the real and imaginary parts of a complex number z are respectively the first and the second elements of the ordered pair of real numbers representing z. If z = x + iy (with i denoting the imaginary unit), then x and y are respectively the real part and the imaginary part of z. The real part of a complex number z is denoted by Re(z) or (z) and the imaginary part by Im(z) or (z), where and are black-letter capital R and I, respectively. The notations without parentheses are also used, Rez or z and Imz or z, whenever there is no danger of ambiguity. For a complex number in polar form, z = (r, ), the Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates are z = (rcos ,rsin ), or equivalently.