Some of philosophy's most intriguing questions about reality and knowledge are introduced in this book. It outlines possible answers to puzzling questions such as: what kind of thing are you? What -- if anything -- can you know? Over the centuries, philosophers have made many attempts to answer such questions and contemporary philosophers continue to seek solutions. This book explains many of those attempts in a clear and lively way, encouraging questioning and independent thought. It also links questions about reality and knowledge to questions about morality. The many concepts explained in…mehr
Some of philosophy's most intriguing questions about reality and knowledge are introduced in this book. It outlines possible answers to puzzling questions such as: what kind of thing are you? What -- if anything -- can you know? Over the centuries, philosophers have made many attempts to answer such questions and contemporary philosophers continue to seek solutions. This book explains many of those attempts in a clear and lively way, encouraging questioning and independent thought. It also links questions about reality and knowledge to questions about morality. The many concepts explained in the book include: personal identity, free will and determinism, evil and God, universals and essences, life and meaning, death and harm, truth and facts, belief and evidence, knowledge, the senses and pure reason, sceptical doubts. Throughout, philosophy is shown to be adventurous, intellectually significant and personally deep.
Preface Using This Book Acknowledgments 1.Persons 1.1 Physicalism 1.2 Immaterialism 1.3 Dualism 1.4 Questions of personal identity 1.5 'No longer the same person' 1.6 Conventionalism 1.7 Descartes on what persons are 1.8 Locke on personal identity 1.9 Hume on personal identity Further reading 2. Free Will 2.1 Determinism 2.2 Fatalism 2.3 What is free will? 2.4 Indeterminism 2.5 Evidence of free will? 2.6 Moral responsibility 2.7 Foreknowledge 2.8 Hume's compatibilism Further reading 3. God and Evil 3.1 The traditional problem of evil 3.2 The world as a whole 3.3 The evidence-problem of evil 3.4 The free will defence 3.5 Socrates's challenge 3.6 Evil within people? Further reading 4. Life's Meaning 4.1 Criteria of meaning? 4.2 The myth of Sisyphus 4.3 Plato's cave 4.4 Nozick's machines 4.5 Living ethically 4.6 Living philosophically 4.7 Aristotle on the best way to live Further reading 5. Death's Harm 5.1 Objective harm? 5.2 Epicurus and Lucretius on being dead 5.3 Being deprived by being dead? 5.4 Dying 5.5 Never dying 5.6 Brain death Further reading 6. Properties 6.1 The problem of universals 6.2 Platonic Forms 6.3 Label nominalism 6.4 Class nominalism 6.5 Resemblance nominalism 6.6 Individualised properties 6.7 Essentialism Further reading 7. Truth 7.1 Caring about truth as such 7.2 Correspondence 7.3 Coherence 7.4 Pragmatism 7.5 Disagreement 7.6 Claiming truth 7.7 Social constructivism 7.8 Social facts Further reading 8. Well Supported Views 8.1 Objective support 8.2 Fallibilism 8.3 Reliabilism 8.4 Popper and testability 8.5 Intellectual virtue 8.6 Agreement 8.7 Epistemic relativism Further reading 9. Knowledge 9.1 Knowledge's objectivity 9.2 A traditional conception of knowledge 9.3 Gettier's challenge 9.4 Avoiding false evidence 9.5 Knowing luckily 9.6 Gradualism 9.7 Fallible knowledge 9.8 Education 9.9 Taking knowledge seriously Further reading 10. Observational Knowledge 10.1 Purely observational knowledge 10.2 Observational limits? 10.3 Empiricism 10.4 Representationalism 10.5 Berkeley's idealism 10.6 Phenomenalism 10.7 Perception and reliability 10.8 Hume on causation 10.9 Non-inferential knowledge Further reading 11. Pure Reason 11.1 Rationalism 11.2 A priori knowledge 11.3 Plato's rationalism 11.4 Descartes's rationalist method 11.5 Kant on a priori knowledge 11.6 Mill's radical empiricism 11.7 Logical empiricism 11.8 Fallible a priori knowledge Further reading 12. Sceptical Doubts 12.1 Blended knowledge? 12.2 Scepticisms 12.3 Descartes's dreaming argument 12.4 Descartes's evil genius 12.5 Hume on induction 12.6 Other minds 12.7 Being freely rational 12.8 Moore and commonsense 12.9 Knowing fallibly 12.10 Improved knowledge 12.11 What you are Further reading.
Preface Using This Book Acknowledgments 1.Persons 1.1 Physicalism 1.2 Immaterialism 1.3 Dualism 1.4 Questions of personal identity 1.5 'No longer the same person' 1.6 Conventionalism 1.7 Descartes on what persons are 1.8 Locke on personal identity 1.9 Hume on personal identity Further reading 2. Free Will 2.1 Determinism 2.2 Fatalism 2.3 What is free will? 2.4 Indeterminism 2.5 Evidence of free will? 2.6 Moral responsibility 2.7 Foreknowledge 2.8 Hume's compatibilism Further reading 3. God and Evil 3.1 The traditional problem of evil 3.2 The world as a whole 3.3 The evidence-problem of evil 3.4 The free will defence 3.5 Socrates's challenge 3.6 Evil within people? Further reading 4. Life's Meaning 4.1 Criteria of meaning? 4.2 The myth of Sisyphus 4.3 Plato's cave 4.4 Nozick's machines 4.5 Living ethically 4.6 Living philosophically 4.7 Aristotle on the best way to live Further reading 5. Death's Harm 5.1 Objective harm? 5.2 Epicurus and Lucretius on being dead 5.3 Being deprived by being dead? 5.4 Dying 5.5 Never dying 5.6 Brain death Further reading 6. Properties 6.1 The problem of universals 6.2 Platonic Forms 6.3 Label nominalism 6.4 Class nominalism 6.5 Resemblance nominalism 6.6 Individualised properties 6.7 Essentialism Further reading 7. Truth 7.1 Caring about truth as such 7.2 Correspondence 7.3 Coherence 7.4 Pragmatism 7.5 Disagreement 7.6 Claiming truth 7.7 Social constructivism 7.8 Social facts Further reading 8. Well Supported Views 8.1 Objective support 8.2 Fallibilism 8.3 Reliabilism 8.4 Popper and testability 8.5 Intellectual virtue 8.6 Agreement 8.7 Epistemic relativism Further reading 9. Knowledge 9.1 Knowledge's objectivity 9.2 A traditional conception of knowledge 9.3 Gettier's challenge 9.4 Avoiding false evidence 9.5 Knowing luckily 9.6 Gradualism 9.7 Fallible knowledge 9.8 Education 9.9 Taking knowledge seriously Further reading 10. Observational Knowledge 10.1 Purely observational knowledge 10.2 Observational limits? 10.3 Empiricism 10.4 Representationalism 10.5 Berkeley's idealism 10.6 Phenomenalism 10.7 Perception and reliability 10.8 Hume on causation 10.9 Non-inferential knowledge Further reading 11. Pure Reason 11.1 Rationalism 11.2 A priori knowledge 11.3 Plato's rationalism 11.4 Descartes's rationalist method 11.5 Kant on a priori knowledge 11.6 Mill's radical empiricism 11.7 Logical empiricism 11.8 Fallible a priori knowledge Further reading 12. Sceptical Doubts 12.1 Blended knowledge? 12.2 Scepticisms 12.3 Descartes's dreaming argument 12.4 Descartes's evil genius 12.5 Hume on induction 12.6 Other minds 12.7 Being freely rational 12.8 Moore and commonsense 12.9 Knowing fallibly 12.10 Improved knowledge 12.11 What you are Further reading.
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