Recent Advances in Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
Herausgeber: Gupta, Neelima; Kesharwani, Prashant
Recent Advances in Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
Herausgeber: Gupta, Neelima; Kesharwani, Prashant
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Recent Advances in Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy reviews thriving strategies concerning pancreatic cancer therapy, thoroughly describing the most recent developments in emerging modern drug delivery systems focused on, and derived from, nanotechnology. By providing a holistic understanding of the molecular pathways, conventional therapy and novel nanocarriers mediated drug delivery against pancreatic cancer, this work can be considered a complete package. The book offers a solution to the dissemination of data from a broad range of resources by providing an overview of the…mehr
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Recent Advances in Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy reviews thriving strategies concerning pancreatic cancer therapy, thoroughly describing the most recent developments in emerging modern drug delivery systems focused on, and derived from, nanotechnology. By providing a holistic understanding of the molecular pathways, conventional therapy and novel nanocarriers mediated drug delivery against pancreatic cancer, this work can be considered a complete package. The book offers a solution to the dissemination of data from a broad range of resources by providing an overview of the molecular pathways and conventional therapy of pancreatic cancer, the application of various nanocarriers, and more. This book equips scientists, clinicians and students to make rational treatment approaches based on nanomedicine for improving and extending the human life against pancreatic cancer.
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Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
- Seitenzahl: 494
- Erscheinungstermin: 24. Oktober 2023
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 190mm x 233mm x 31mm
- Gewicht: 994g
- ISBN-13: 9780443191428
- ISBN-10: 0443191425
- Artikelnr.: 66903581
- Verlag: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
- Seitenzahl: 494
- Erscheinungstermin: 24. Oktober 2023
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 190mm x 233mm x 31mm
- Gewicht: 994g
- ISBN-13: 9780443191428
- ISBN-10: 0443191425
- Artikelnr.: 66903581
Part A Overview, molecular pathways and conventional therapy of pancreatic
cancer 1. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of
pancreatic cancer Farzad Rahmani and Amir Avan 1.1 Pancreas anatomy 1.2
Pancreas physiology 1.2.1 Endocrine pancreas 1.2.2 Exocrine pancreas 1.3
Pancreas cancer pathology 1.3.1 Pathology of the exocrine neoplasms of the
pancreas 1.3.2 Pathology of the endocrine neoplasms of pancreas 1.4
Conclusion References 2. Different combination therapies pertaining to
pancreatic cancer Zahra Salmasi, Parisa Saberi-Hasanabadi, Hamidreza
Mohammadi and Rezvan Yazdian-Robati 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Carrier-free
combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.3
Nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment
2.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 2.3.2 Nonmetallic nanoparticles
2.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticle 2.4
Combination treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells and oncolytic
viruses 2.5 Compounds of natural origin and combination therapy in
pancreatic cancer treatment 2.5.1 The role of bioactive compounds of
natural origin based on nano-formulation in inhibiting the proliferation of
pancreatic cancer cells 2.6 Conclusions and perspectives References Part B
Application of various nanocarriers for the management of pancreatic cancer
3. Potential application of nanotechnology in the treatment and overcoming
of pancreatic cancer resistance Shwetapadma Dash, Sonali Sahoo and Sanjeeb
Kumar Sahoo 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current therapeutics for pancreatic cancer
3.2.1 Conventional therapies 3.2.2 Targeted therapies 3.3 Drug resistance
as a pitfall 3.3.1 Role of drug uptake and drug metabolism pathways 3.3.2
Role of key signaling networks 3.3.3 Tumor microenvironment 3.3.4 Cancer
stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition as regulators 3.3.5
Other miscellaneous pathways and factors 3.4 Nanotechnology as a
therapeutic window 3.4.1 Nanotherapeutic strategies using chemotherapeutic
drugs 3.4.2 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting drug resistance
3.4.3 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting tumor
microenvironment 3.4.4 Pro- and antiapoptotic genes: evasion and
overexpression 3.4.5 Nanotherapeutic strategies for targeting cancer stem
cells 3.4.6 Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for RNA interference
inhibitors 3.4.7 Nanomaterials for early detection and advancing pancreatic
cancer imaging for pancreatic cancer 3.5 Conclusion References 4.
Application of hydrogel-based drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer
Naomi Sanjana Sharath, Ranjita Misra and Jyotirmoy Ghosh 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pancreatic cancer 4.3 Physiology 4.3.1 Treatment 4.4 Limitations 4.5
Hydrogels 4.6 Types of polymers used in hydrogels 4.6.1 Natural polymers
4.6.2 Synthetic polymers 4.7 Preparation of hydrogels 4.7.1 Bulk
polymerization 4.7.2 Solution polymerization 4.7.3 Optical polymerization
4.7.4 Enzymatic polymerization 4.8 Types of some common hydrogels 4.8.1
Injectable hydrogels 4.8.2 Temperature-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.3
pH-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.4 Photosensitive hydrogels 4.8.5
Electrosensitive hydrogels 4.9 Applications of hydrogels against pancreatic
cancer 4.10 Diagnosis 4.10.1 Therapy 4.10.2 Organoid development for cancer
treatment 4.11 Conclusion and future outlook References 5. Liposome- and
noisome-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Rezvan Yazdian-Robati,
Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Faranak Mavandadnejad, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Shervin
Amirkhanloo and Amin Shad Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Liposome-based
drug delivery 5.2.1 Components and structure of liposome 5.3 Liposomal drug
delivery platforms for pancreatic cancer 5.3.1 Liposome-drugs to treat
pancreatic cancer 5.3.2 Liposome-naturally derived bioactive compounds to
treat pancreatic cancer 5.3.3 Liposomal delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat PC
5.4 Targeted nanoliposomes for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.4.1
Transporter-targeted liposome for pancreatic cancer therapy 5.4.2
Antibody-decorated liposomes for pancreatic cancer 5.4.3 Peptide-decorated
liposome 5.4.4 Carbohydrate-decorated liposomes 5.5 Stimuli-responsive
liposomal nano-formulations for pancreatic cancer 5.5.1 pH-sensitive
liposomes 5.5.2 Magnetic sensitive and ultrasound liposomes 5.5.3
Thermo-sensitive liposomes 5.6 Clinical studies of liposomal formulation
for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.7 Noisome-based drug delivery 5.7.1
Structure and components of niosomes 5.7.2 Noisome drug delivery for
pancreatic cancer treatment 5.8 Conclusion Declaration of competing
interest References 6. Micelles-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Sanjay Ch, Tarun Kumar Patel, Swati Biswas and Balaram Ghosh 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Micellar uptake mechanism 6.2.1 Endocytosis 6.2.2
Phagocytosis 6.2.3 Pinocytosis 6.2.4 Macropinocytosis 6.3 Polymeric
micelles and their types 6.3.1 Conventional polymeric micelles 6.3.2
Polymeric micelles based on functionalities 6.4 Pancreatic cancertargeting
sites for micelles 6.4.1 Epidermal growth factor 6.4.2 Transferrin 6.4.3
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor 6.4.4 Fucosylated antigen 6.4.5
Integrins 6.5 Small interfering RNA-loaded micelles for pancreatic cancer
therapy 6.6 Polymeric micelles in clinical studies for pancreatic cancer
6.7 Conclusion References 7. Theranostic nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer
Sania Ghobadi Alamdari, Reza Mohammadzadeh, Behzad Baradaran, Mohammad
Amini, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh and Fatemeh Oroojalian 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metal
nanoparticles 7.2.1 Gold nanoparticles 7.2.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles 7.2.3
Silica nanoparticles 7.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles 7.3 Polymeric
nanoparticles 7.3.1 Natural polymer nanoparticles 7.3.2 Synthetic polymer
nanoparticles 7.4 Carbon nanoparticles 7.5 Conclusion References 8. Recent
advances in nanocarriers for pancreatic cancer therapy Shalini Preethi P.,
Sindhu V., Karthik Sambath, Arun Reddy Ravula, Geetha Palani, Sivakumar
Vijayaraghavalu, Shanmuga Sundari I. and Venkatesan Perumal 8.1
Introduction 8.1.1 Cancer 8.1.2 Pancreatic cancer 8.1.3 Types of pancreatic
cancer 8.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.1 Passive targeting 8.2.2 Active
targeting 8.2.3 Responsive polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.4 pH-responsive
polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.5 Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.6
Characterization of polymeric nanoparticles 8.3 Diagnosis 8.3.1 Risk
factors 8.3.2 Detection of protein-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.3
Detection of nucleic-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.4 Imaging techniques
8.3.5 Electrochemical detection 8.4 Surgical management 8.4.1 Preoperative
biliary drainage 8.4.2 Anastomotic technique 8.4.3 Minimally invasive
surgery 8.4.4 Vascular resection 8.5 Medical management 8.5.1 Chemotherapy
8.5.2 Immunotherapy 8.5.3 Radiotherapy 8.5.4 Targeted therapy 8.5.5
Antibody-mediated therapy 8.5.6 Synergistic therapy 8.5.7 Radiodynamic
therapy 8.6 Conclusion References 9. Metallic nanoparticles-based drug
delivery for pancreatic cancer Sara Natalia Moya Betancourt, Jorge Gustavo
Uranga, Viviana Beatriz Daboin, Paula Gabriela Bercoff and Julieta Soledad
Riva 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Gold nanoparticles 9.3 Silver nanoparticles 9.4
Iron oxide nanoparticles 9.5 Other metallic nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, CuO,
ZnO, TiO2) 9.6 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles 9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References 10. Empowering treatment
strategies for pancreatic cancer by employing lipid nanoparticle-driven
drug delivery Sumit Sheoran, Swati Arora, Aayushi Velingkar, Smita C. Pawar
and Sugunakar Vuree 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Symptoms and risk factors of
pancreatic cancer 10.2.1 The stages of pancreatic cancer? 10.3 Lipid
nanoparticles 10.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles 10.5 Limitations of solid
lipid nanoparticles and way to overcome 10.6 High pressure-induced drug
degradation 10.7 Lipid crystallization and drug incorporation 10.8 Several
colloidal species coexist 10.9 Nanostructured carriers of lipid (solid
lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers) 10.9.1 Solid lipid
nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery 10.9.2
Solid lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for anticancer agents 10.9.3
Routes of delivering 10.10 Applications of solid lipid nanoparticles in
pancreatic cancer 10.11 Conclusion References 11. Solid lipid
nanoparticle-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Dipanjan Ghosh,
Gouranga Dutta, Arindam Chatterjee, Abimanyu Sugumaran, Gopal Chakrabarti
and Sivakumar Manickam 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Lipid classifications for
solidlipid nanoparticle synthesis 11.3 Preparations techniques of solid
lipid-based nanoparticles 11.3.1 High-pressure homogenization 11.3.2
Ultrasonication 11.3.3 Coacervation 11.3.4 Solvent emulsification
evaporation 11.3.5 Microemulsions 11.4 Role of pancreatic lipase and lipid
nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer therapy 11.5 Enhancing cancer therapeutic
efficacy with lipid-based nanoparticles 11.5.1 Gemcitabine 11.5.2
Paclitaxel 11.5.3 Irinotecan 11.5.4 Capecitabine 11.5.5 5-fluorouracil
11.5.6 RNA-based delivery system 11.6 Future aspects References 12.
Dendrimers and carbon nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Mehmethan Yildirim, Durmus Burak Demirkaya and Serap Yalcin 12.1 A brief
overview of pancreatic cancer 12.2 Drug delivery for cancer therapy 12.3
Carbon nanotubes 12.4 Dendrimers 12.4.1 Poly-L-lysine-based dendrimers
12.4.2 Polyamidoamine dendrimers 12.4.3 Polypropylene imine dendrimers
12.4.4 Frechet-type dendrimers 12.4.5 Core-shell tecto dendrimer 12.4.6
Chiral dendrimers 12.4.7 Liquid crystal dendrimers 12.4.8 Peptide
dendrimers 12.4.9 Polyester dendrimers 12.5 Dendrimers and carbon
nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer 12.6 Conclusion
References Further reading Part C Recent advances and future prospective
for pancreatic cancer 13. Personalized medicine and new therapeutic
approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer Hanieh Azari, Ghazaleh
Khalili-Tanha, Elham Nazari, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Gordon A.
Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Pancreatic
cancer: common treatment 13.2 Could personalized medicine transform
healthcare? 13.2.1 What is personalized medicine? 13.2.2 Precision or
personalized medicine: what's the difference? 13.2.3 Advantages of
personalized medicine 13.3 The role of personalized medicine in pancreatic
cancer 13.4 Recent progress in personalized medicine for pancreatic cancer
therapy 13.5 The molecular landscape of pancreatic cancer 13.6 Genomic
subgroups 13.7 Transcriptomic subgroup 13.8 Predictive markers of
pancreatic cancer for personalized therapy 13.9 Examples of precision
medicine in pancreatic cancer 13.9.1 Patient derived xenograft 13.9.2
Patient's derived organoid 13.10 The advantages of microfluidic devices
13.11 General scheme of producing a pancreatic organoid 13.12 Some
applications of pancreatic organoids 13.12.1 RNA-based therapeutic tool for
personalized PDAC treatment 13.12.2 Radiomics and deep learning in
personalized medicine 13.13 The quantitative imaging methods for pancreatic
cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction 13.14 Challenges and
innovations in personalized medicine care 13.15 Challenges in the treatment
of pancreatic cancer 13.16 The challenges from an oncologist's perspective
13.17 Opportunities for personalized therapy in the near future 13.18
Conclusion Declarations of interest References 14. Clinical practice
guidelines for interventional treatment of pancreatic cancer Ghazaleh
Pourali, Ghazaleh Donyadideh, Shima Mehrabadi, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi
Hassanian, Gordon A. Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 14.1 The definition
of pancreatic cancer and its classification in clinic 14.2 Incidence and
epidemiology and risk factors 14.2.1 Modifiable risk factors 14.2.2
Nonmodifiable risk factors 14.3 Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer
14.4 Nonsurgical therapies 14.4.1 Chemotherapy 14.4.2 Chemoradiotherapy
14.4.3 Radiotherapy 14.4.4 Ablative techniques 14.5 Treatment in metastatic
patient 14.5.1 First-line chemotherapy 14.5.2 Second-line chemotherapy
14.5.3 Side effects and future perspective Grant Conflict of interest
References 15. Aptamer-mediated nano-therapy for pancreatic cancer Seyyed
Mobin Rahimnia, Sadegh Dehghani, Majid Saeedi, Amin Shad and Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanotechnology as a novel cancer
therapeutic strategy 15.3 Aptamers as an advance targeted strategy in
cancer diagnosis and treatment 15.4 Aptamer design approaches 15.5 Methods
for coupling aptamers to nanoparticles 15.6 Tumor markers for pancreatic
cancer 15.7 Aptamers against pancreatic cancer 15.8 Aptamers in clinical
trials for pancreatic cancer 15.9 Aptamer-functionalized nanocarriers
against pancreatic cancer 15.9.1 Aptamer-functionalized calcium
phosphosilicate nanoparticles 15.9.2 Aptamer-functionalized gold
nanoparticles 15.9.3 Aptamer-functionalized lipid nanoparticles 15.9.4
Aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for treatment of pancreatic
cancer 15.9.5 Aptamer-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles 15.9.6
Aptamer-functionalized albumin nanoparticles 15.10 Conclusion Conflict of
interest References 16. Photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati, Atena Mansouri, Peyman Asadi, Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari and
Mohsen Chamanara 16.1 Pancreatic cancer 16.2 Principles of photodynamic
therapy 16.3 Elements of photodynamic therapy 16.3.1 Photosensitizers
agents in photodynamic therapy 16.3.2 Light (600800 nm) 16.3.3 Oxygen 16.4
Nanoparticles mediated photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer 16.5
Combination of photodynamic therapy with other therapies in pancreatic
cancer treatment 16.5.1 Combination of photodynamic therapy with radiation
therapy 16.5.2 Combination of photodynamic therapy with immunotherapy
16.5.3 Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy 16.5.4
Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy
16.5.5 Combination of photodynamic therapy with sonodynamic therapy 16.5.6
Combination of photodynamic therapy with photothermal therapy 16.6 Summary
and outlook Declaration of competing interest References 17. Future
prospect of nano-based drug delivery approaches against pancreatic cancer
and expected pitfalls of the technology K.R. Manu, Gurleen Kaur, Ananya
Kar, Lopamudra Giri, Waleed H. Almalki, Neelima Gupta, Amirhossein
Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani and Rambabu Dandela 17.1 Introduction 17.2
Conventional therapy for pancreatic cancer 17.2.1 Surgery 17.2.2
Chemotherapy 17.2.3 Radiation therapy 17.2.4 Targeted therapy 17.3 The
prospects of nanotechnology in pancreatic cancer treatment 17.4
Applications of various types of nano-based drug delivery systems for
pancreatic cancer therapy 17.4.1 Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems
17.4.2 Nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems 17.4.3 Liposome- and
niosome-based drug delivery systems 17.4.4 Polymeric nanoparticlebased drug
delivery systems 17.4.5 Micelle-based drug delivery systems 17.4.6 Metallic
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.7 Solid lipid
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.8 Quantum dotbased drug
delivery systems 17.4.9 Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems 17.4.10
Carbon nanotubebased drug delivery systems 17.5 Challenges of nano-based
drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer therapy 17.6 Conclusion and
future perspective Acknowledgments Reference Index
cancer 1. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of
pancreatic cancer Farzad Rahmani and Amir Avan 1.1 Pancreas anatomy 1.2
Pancreas physiology 1.2.1 Endocrine pancreas 1.2.2 Exocrine pancreas 1.3
Pancreas cancer pathology 1.3.1 Pathology of the exocrine neoplasms of the
pancreas 1.3.2 Pathology of the endocrine neoplasms of pancreas 1.4
Conclusion References 2. Different combination therapies pertaining to
pancreatic cancer Zahra Salmasi, Parisa Saberi-Hasanabadi, Hamidreza
Mohammadi and Rezvan Yazdian-Robati 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Carrier-free
combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.3
Nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment
2.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 2.3.2 Nonmetallic nanoparticles
2.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticle 2.4
Combination treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells and oncolytic
viruses 2.5 Compounds of natural origin and combination therapy in
pancreatic cancer treatment 2.5.1 The role of bioactive compounds of
natural origin based on nano-formulation in inhibiting the proliferation of
pancreatic cancer cells 2.6 Conclusions and perspectives References Part B
Application of various nanocarriers for the management of pancreatic cancer
3. Potential application of nanotechnology in the treatment and overcoming
of pancreatic cancer resistance Shwetapadma Dash, Sonali Sahoo and Sanjeeb
Kumar Sahoo 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current therapeutics for pancreatic cancer
3.2.1 Conventional therapies 3.2.2 Targeted therapies 3.3 Drug resistance
as a pitfall 3.3.1 Role of drug uptake and drug metabolism pathways 3.3.2
Role of key signaling networks 3.3.3 Tumor microenvironment 3.3.4 Cancer
stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition as regulators 3.3.5
Other miscellaneous pathways and factors 3.4 Nanotechnology as a
therapeutic window 3.4.1 Nanotherapeutic strategies using chemotherapeutic
drugs 3.4.2 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting drug resistance
3.4.3 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting tumor
microenvironment 3.4.4 Pro- and antiapoptotic genes: evasion and
overexpression 3.4.5 Nanotherapeutic strategies for targeting cancer stem
cells 3.4.6 Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for RNA interference
inhibitors 3.4.7 Nanomaterials for early detection and advancing pancreatic
cancer imaging for pancreatic cancer 3.5 Conclusion References 4.
Application of hydrogel-based drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer
Naomi Sanjana Sharath, Ranjita Misra and Jyotirmoy Ghosh 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pancreatic cancer 4.3 Physiology 4.3.1 Treatment 4.4 Limitations 4.5
Hydrogels 4.6 Types of polymers used in hydrogels 4.6.1 Natural polymers
4.6.2 Synthetic polymers 4.7 Preparation of hydrogels 4.7.1 Bulk
polymerization 4.7.2 Solution polymerization 4.7.3 Optical polymerization
4.7.4 Enzymatic polymerization 4.8 Types of some common hydrogels 4.8.1
Injectable hydrogels 4.8.2 Temperature-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.3
pH-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.4 Photosensitive hydrogels 4.8.5
Electrosensitive hydrogels 4.9 Applications of hydrogels against pancreatic
cancer 4.10 Diagnosis 4.10.1 Therapy 4.10.2 Organoid development for cancer
treatment 4.11 Conclusion and future outlook References 5. Liposome- and
noisome-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Rezvan Yazdian-Robati,
Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Faranak Mavandadnejad, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Shervin
Amirkhanloo and Amin Shad Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Liposome-based
drug delivery 5.2.1 Components and structure of liposome 5.3 Liposomal drug
delivery platforms for pancreatic cancer 5.3.1 Liposome-drugs to treat
pancreatic cancer 5.3.2 Liposome-naturally derived bioactive compounds to
treat pancreatic cancer 5.3.3 Liposomal delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat PC
5.4 Targeted nanoliposomes for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.4.1
Transporter-targeted liposome for pancreatic cancer therapy 5.4.2
Antibody-decorated liposomes for pancreatic cancer 5.4.3 Peptide-decorated
liposome 5.4.4 Carbohydrate-decorated liposomes 5.5 Stimuli-responsive
liposomal nano-formulations for pancreatic cancer 5.5.1 pH-sensitive
liposomes 5.5.2 Magnetic sensitive and ultrasound liposomes 5.5.3
Thermo-sensitive liposomes 5.6 Clinical studies of liposomal formulation
for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.7 Noisome-based drug delivery 5.7.1
Structure and components of niosomes 5.7.2 Noisome drug delivery for
pancreatic cancer treatment 5.8 Conclusion Declaration of competing
interest References 6. Micelles-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Sanjay Ch, Tarun Kumar Patel, Swati Biswas and Balaram Ghosh 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Micellar uptake mechanism 6.2.1 Endocytosis 6.2.2
Phagocytosis 6.2.3 Pinocytosis 6.2.4 Macropinocytosis 6.3 Polymeric
micelles and their types 6.3.1 Conventional polymeric micelles 6.3.2
Polymeric micelles based on functionalities 6.4 Pancreatic cancertargeting
sites for micelles 6.4.1 Epidermal growth factor 6.4.2 Transferrin 6.4.3
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor 6.4.4 Fucosylated antigen 6.4.5
Integrins 6.5 Small interfering RNA-loaded micelles for pancreatic cancer
therapy 6.6 Polymeric micelles in clinical studies for pancreatic cancer
6.7 Conclusion References 7. Theranostic nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer
Sania Ghobadi Alamdari, Reza Mohammadzadeh, Behzad Baradaran, Mohammad
Amini, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh and Fatemeh Oroojalian 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metal
nanoparticles 7.2.1 Gold nanoparticles 7.2.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles 7.2.3
Silica nanoparticles 7.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles 7.3 Polymeric
nanoparticles 7.3.1 Natural polymer nanoparticles 7.3.2 Synthetic polymer
nanoparticles 7.4 Carbon nanoparticles 7.5 Conclusion References 8. Recent
advances in nanocarriers for pancreatic cancer therapy Shalini Preethi P.,
Sindhu V., Karthik Sambath, Arun Reddy Ravula, Geetha Palani, Sivakumar
Vijayaraghavalu, Shanmuga Sundari I. and Venkatesan Perumal 8.1
Introduction 8.1.1 Cancer 8.1.2 Pancreatic cancer 8.1.3 Types of pancreatic
cancer 8.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.1 Passive targeting 8.2.2 Active
targeting 8.2.3 Responsive polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.4 pH-responsive
polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.5 Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.6
Characterization of polymeric nanoparticles 8.3 Diagnosis 8.3.1 Risk
factors 8.3.2 Detection of protein-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.3
Detection of nucleic-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.4 Imaging techniques
8.3.5 Electrochemical detection 8.4 Surgical management 8.4.1 Preoperative
biliary drainage 8.4.2 Anastomotic technique 8.4.3 Minimally invasive
surgery 8.4.4 Vascular resection 8.5 Medical management 8.5.1 Chemotherapy
8.5.2 Immunotherapy 8.5.3 Radiotherapy 8.5.4 Targeted therapy 8.5.5
Antibody-mediated therapy 8.5.6 Synergistic therapy 8.5.7 Radiodynamic
therapy 8.6 Conclusion References 9. Metallic nanoparticles-based drug
delivery for pancreatic cancer Sara Natalia Moya Betancourt, Jorge Gustavo
Uranga, Viviana Beatriz Daboin, Paula Gabriela Bercoff and Julieta Soledad
Riva 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Gold nanoparticles 9.3 Silver nanoparticles 9.4
Iron oxide nanoparticles 9.5 Other metallic nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, CuO,
ZnO, TiO2) 9.6 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles 9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References 10. Empowering treatment
strategies for pancreatic cancer by employing lipid nanoparticle-driven
drug delivery Sumit Sheoran, Swati Arora, Aayushi Velingkar, Smita C. Pawar
and Sugunakar Vuree 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Symptoms and risk factors of
pancreatic cancer 10.2.1 The stages of pancreatic cancer? 10.3 Lipid
nanoparticles 10.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles 10.5 Limitations of solid
lipid nanoparticles and way to overcome 10.6 High pressure-induced drug
degradation 10.7 Lipid crystallization and drug incorporation 10.8 Several
colloidal species coexist 10.9 Nanostructured carriers of lipid (solid
lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers) 10.9.1 Solid lipid
nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery 10.9.2
Solid lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for anticancer agents 10.9.3
Routes of delivering 10.10 Applications of solid lipid nanoparticles in
pancreatic cancer 10.11 Conclusion References 11. Solid lipid
nanoparticle-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Dipanjan Ghosh,
Gouranga Dutta, Arindam Chatterjee, Abimanyu Sugumaran, Gopal Chakrabarti
and Sivakumar Manickam 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Lipid classifications for
solidlipid nanoparticle synthesis 11.3 Preparations techniques of solid
lipid-based nanoparticles 11.3.1 High-pressure homogenization 11.3.2
Ultrasonication 11.3.3 Coacervation 11.3.4 Solvent emulsification
evaporation 11.3.5 Microemulsions 11.4 Role of pancreatic lipase and lipid
nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer therapy 11.5 Enhancing cancer therapeutic
efficacy with lipid-based nanoparticles 11.5.1 Gemcitabine 11.5.2
Paclitaxel 11.5.3 Irinotecan 11.5.4 Capecitabine 11.5.5 5-fluorouracil
11.5.6 RNA-based delivery system 11.6 Future aspects References 12.
Dendrimers and carbon nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Mehmethan Yildirim, Durmus Burak Demirkaya and Serap Yalcin 12.1 A brief
overview of pancreatic cancer 12.2 Drug delivery for cancer therapy 12.3
Carbon nanotubes 12.4 Dendrimers 12.4.1 Poly-L-lysine-based dendrimers
12.4.2 Polyamidoamine dendrimers 12.4.3 Polypropylene imine dendrimers
12.4.4 Frechet-type dendrimers 12.4.5 Core-shell tecto dendrimer 12.4.6
Chiral dendrimers 12.4.7 Liquid crystal dendrimers 12.4.8 Peptide
dendrimers 12.4.9 Polyester dendrimers 12.5 Dendrimers and carbon
nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer 12.6 Conclusion
References Further reading Part C Recent advances and future prospective
for pancreatic cancer 13. Personalized medicine and new therapeutic
approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer Hanieh Azari, Ghazaleh
Khalili-Tanha, Elham Nazari, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Gordon A.
Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Pancreatic
cancer: common treatment 13.2 Could personalized medicine transform
healthcare? 13.2.1 What is personalized medicine? 13.2.2 Precision or
personalized medicine: what's the difference? 13.2.3 Advantages of
personalized medicine 13.3 The role of personalized medicine in pancreatic
cancer 13.4 Recent progress in personalized medicine for pancreatic cancer
therapy 13.5 The molecular landscape of pancreatic cancer 13.6 Genomic
subgroups 13.7 Transcriptomic subgroup 13.8 Predictive markers of
pancreatic cancer for personalized therapy 13.9 Examples of precision
medicine in pancreatic cancer 13.9.1 Patient derived xenograft 13.9.2
Patient's derived organoid 13.10 The advantages of microfluidic devices
13.11 General scheme of producing a pancreatic organoid 13.12 Some
applications of pancreatic organoids 13.12.1 RNA-based therapeutic tool for
personalized PDAC treatment 13.12.2 Radiomics and deep learning in
personalized medicine 13.13 The quantitative imaging methods for pancreatic
cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction 13.14 Challenges and
innovations in personalized medicine care 13.15 Challenges in the treatment
of pancreatic cancer 13.16 The challenges from an oncologist's perspective
13.17 Opportunities for personalized therapy in the near future 13.18
Conclusion Declarations of interest References 14. Clinical practice
guidelines for interventional treatment of pancreatic cancer Ghazaleh
Pourali, Ghazaleh Donyadideh, Shima Mehrabadi, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi
Hassanian, Gordon A. Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 14.1 The definition
of pancreatic cancer and its classification in clinic 14.2 Incidence and
epidemiology and risk factors 14.2.1 Modifiable risk factors 14.2.2
Nonmodifiable risk factors 14.3 Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer
14.4 Nonsurgical therapies 14.4.1 Chemotherapy 14.4.2 Chemoradiotherapy
14.4.3 Radiotherapy 14.4.4 Ablative techniques 14.5 Treatment in metastatic
patient 14.5.1 First-line chemotherapy 14.5.2 Second-line chemotherapy
14.5.3 Side effects and future perspective Grant Conflict of interest
References 15. Aptamer-mediated nano-therapy for pancreatic cancer Seyyed
Mobin Rahimnia, Sadegh Dehghani, Majid Saeedi, Amin Shad and Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanotechnology as a novel cancer
therapeutic strategy 15.3 Aptamers as an advance targeted strategy in
cancer diagnosis and treatment 15.4 Aptamer design approaches 15.5 Methods
for coupling aptamers to nanoparticles 15.6 Tumor markers for pancreatic
cancer 15.7 Aptamers against pancreatic cancer 15.8 Aptamers in clinical
trials for pancreatic cancer 15.9 Aptamer-functionalized nanocarriers
against pancreatic cancer 15.9.1 Aptamer-functionalized calcium
phosphosilicate nanoparticles 15.9.2 Aptamer-functionalized gold
nanoparticles 15.9.3 Aptamer-functionalized lipid nanoparticles 15.9.4
Aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for treatment of pancreatic
cancer 15.9.5 Aptamer-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles 15.9.6
Aptamer-functionalized albumin nanoparticles 15.10 Conclusion Conflict of
interest References 16. Photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati, Atena Mansouri, Peyman Asadi, Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari and
Mohsen Chamanara 16.1 Pancreatic cancer 16.2 Principles of photodynamic
therapy 16.3 Elements of photodynamic therapy 16.3.1 Photosensitizers
agents in photodynamic therapy 16.3.2 Light (600800 nm) 16.3.3 Oxygen 16.4
Nanoparticles mediated photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer 16.5
Combination of photodynamic therapy with other therapies in pancreatic
cancer treatment 16.5.1 Combination of photodynamic therapy with radiation
therapy 16.5.2 Combination of photodynamic therapy with immunotherapy
16.5.3 Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy 16.5.4
Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy
16.5.5 Combination of photodynamic therapy with sonodynamic therapy 16.5.6
Combination of photodynamic therapy with photothermal therapy 16.6 Summary
and outlook Declaration of competing interest References 17. Future
prospect of nano-based drug delivery approaches against pancreatic cancer
and expected pitfalls of the technology K.R. Manu, Gurleen Kaur, Ananya
Kar, Lopamudra Giri, Waleed H. Almalki, Neelima Gupta, Amirhossein
Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani and Rambabu Dandela 17.1 Introduction 17.2
Conventional therapy for pancreatic cancer 17.2.1 Surgery 17.2.2
Chemotherapy 17.2.3 Radiation therapy 17.2.4 Targeted therapy 17.3 The
prospects of nanotechnology in pancreatic cancer treatment 17.4
Applications of various types of nano-based drug delivery systems for
pancreatic cancer therapy 17.4.1 Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems
17.4.2 Nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems 17.4.3 Liposome- and
niosome-based drug delivery systems 17.4.4 Polymeric nanoparticlebased drug
delivery systems 17.4.5 Micelle-based drug delivery systems 17.4.6 Metallic
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.7 Solid lipid
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.8 Quantum dotbased drug
delivery systems 17.4.9 Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems 17.4.10
Carbon nanotubebased drug delivery systems 17.5 Challenges of nano-based
drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer therapy 17.6 Conclusion and
future perspective Acknowledgments Reference Index
Part A Overview, molecular pathways and conventional therapy of pancreatic
cancer 1. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of
pancreatic cancer Farzad Rahmani and Amir Avan 1.1 Pancreas anatomy 1.2
Pancreas physiology 1.2.1 Endocrine pancreas 1.2.2 Exocrine pancreas 1.3
Pancreas cancer pathology 1.3.1 Pathology of the exocrine neoplasms of the
pancreas 1.3.2 Pathology of the endocrine neoplasms of pancreas 1.4
Conclusion References 2. Different combination therapies pertaining to
pancreatic cancer Zahra Salmasi, Parisa Saberi-Hasanabadi, Hamidreza
Mohammadi and Rezvan Yazdian-Robati 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Carrier-free
combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.3
Nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment
2.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 2.3.2 Nonmetallic nanoparticles
2.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticle 2.4
Combination treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells and oncolytic
viruses 2.5 Compounds of natural origin and combination therapy in
pancreatic cancer treatment 2.5.1 The role of bioactive compounds of
natural origin based on nano-formulation in inhibiting the proliferation of
pancreatic cancer cells 2.6 Conclusions and perspectives References Part B
Application of various nanocarriers for the management of pancreatic cancer
3. Potential application of nanotechnology in the treatment and overcoming
of pancreatic cancer resistance Shwetapadma Dash, Sonali Sahoo and Sanjeeb
Kumar Sahoo 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current therapeutics for pancreatic cancer
3.2.1 Conventional therapies 3.2.2 Targeted therapies 3.3 Drug resistance
as a pitfall 3.3.1 Role of drug uptake and drug metabolism pathways 3.3.2
Role of key signaling networks 3.3.3 Tumor microenvironment 3.3.4 Cancer
stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition as regulators 3.3.5
Other miscellaneous pathways and factors 3.4 Nanotechnology as a
therapeutic window 3.4.1 Nanotherapeutic strategies using chemotherapeutic
drugs 3.4.2 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting drug resistance
3.4.3 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting tumor
microenvironment 3.4.4 Pro- and antiapoptotic genes: evasion and
overexpression 3.4.5 Nanotherapeutic strategies for targeting cancer stem
cells 3.4.6 Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for RNA interference
inhibitors 3.4.7 Nanomaterials for early detection and advancing pancreatic
cancer imaging for pancreatic cancer 3.5 Conclusion References 4.
Application of hydrogel-based drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer
Naomi Sanjana Sharath, Ranjita Misra and Jyotirmoy Ghosh 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pancreatic cancer 4.3 Physiology 4.3.1 Treatment 4.4 Limitations 4.5
Hydrogels 4.6 Types of polymers used in hydrogels 4.6.1 Natural polymers
4.6.2 Synthetic polymers 4.7 Preparation of hydrogels 4.7.1 Bulk
polymerization 4.7.2 Solution polymerization 4.7.3 Optical polymerization
4.7.4 Enzymatic polymerization 4.8 Types of some common hydrogels 4.8.1
Injectable hydrogels 4.8.2 Temperature-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.3
pH-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.4 Photosensitive hydrogels 4.8.5
Electrosensitive hydrogels 4.9 Applications of hydrogels against pancreatic
cancer 4.10 Diagnosis 4.10.1 Therapy 4.10.2 Organoid development for cancer
treatment 4.11 Conclusion and future outlook References 5. Liposome- and
noisome-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Rezvan Yazdian-Robati,
Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Faranak Mavandadnejad, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Shervin
Amirkhanloo and Amin Shad Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Liposome-based
drug delivery 5.2.1 Components and structure of liposome 5.3 Liposomal drug
delivery platforms for pancreatic cancer 5.3.1 Liposome-drugs to treat
pancreatic cancer 5.3.2 Liposome-naturally derived bioactive compounds to
treat pancreatic cancer 5.3.3 Liposomal delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat PC
5.4 Targeted nanoliposomes for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.4.1
Transporter-targeted liposome for pancreatic cancer therapy 5.4.2
Antibody-decorated liposomes for pancreatic cancer 5.4.3 Peptide-decorated
liposome 5.4.4 Carbohydrate-decorated liposomes 5.5 Stimuli-responsive
liposomal nano-formulations for pancreatic cancer 5.5.1 pH-sensitive
liposomes 5.5.2 Magnetic sensitive and ultrasound liposomes 5.5.3
Thermo-sensitive liposomes 5.6 Clinical studies of liposomal formulation
for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.7 Noisome-based drug delivery 5.7.1
Structure and components of niosomes 5.7.2 Noisome drug delivery for
pancreatic cancer treatment 5.8 Conclusion Declaration of competing
interest References 6. Micelles-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Sanjay Ch, Tarun Kumar Patel, Swati Biswas and Balaram Ghosh 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Micellar uptake mechanism 6.2.1 Endocytosis 6.2.2
Phagocytosis 6.2.3 Pinocytosis 6.2.4 Macropinocytosis 6.3 Polymeric
micelles and their types 6.3.1 Conventional polymeric micelles 6.3.2
Polymeric micelles based on functionalities 6.4 Pancreatic cancertargeting
sites for micelles 6.4.1 Epidermal growth factor 6.4.2 Transferrin 6.4.3
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor 6.4.4 Fucosylated antigen 6.4.5
Integrins 6.5 Small interfering RNA-loaded micelles for pancreatic cancer
therapy 6.6 Polymeric micelles in clinical studies for pancreatic cancer
6.7 Conclusion References 7. Theranostic nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer
Sania Ghobadi Alamdari, Reza Mohammadzadeh, Behzad Baradaran, Mohammad
Amini, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh and Fatemeh Oroojalian 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metal
nanoparticles 7.2.1 Gold nanoparticles 7.2.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles 7.2.3
Silica nanoparticles 7.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles 7.3 Polymeric
nanoparticles 7.3.1 Natural polymer nanoparticles 7.3.2 Synthetic polymer
nanoparticles 7.4 Carbon nanoparticles 7.5 Conclusion References 8. Recent
advances in nanocarriers for pancreatic cancer therapy Shalini Preethi P.,
Sindhu V., Karthik Sambath, Arun Reddy Ravula, Geetha Palani, Sivakumar
Vijayaraghavalu, Shanmuga Sundari I. and Venkatesan Perumal 8.1
Introduction 8.1.1 Cancer 8.1.2 Pancreatic cancer 8.1.3 Types of pancreatic
cancer 8.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.1 Passive targeting 8.2.2 Active
targeting 8.2.3 Responsive polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.4 pH-responsive
polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.5 Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.6
Characterization of polymeric nanoparticles 8.3 Diagnosis 8.3.1 Risk
factors 8.3.2 Detection of protein-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.3
Detection of nucleic-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.4 Imaging techniques
8.3.5 Electrochemical detection 8.4 Surgical management 8.4.1 Preoperative
biliary drainage 8.4.2 Anastomotic technique 8.4.3 Minimally invasive
surgery 8.4.4 Vascular resection 8.5 Medical management 8.5.1 Chemotherapy
8.5.2 Immunotherapy 8.5.3 Radiotherapy 8.5.4 Targeted therapy 8.5.5
Antibody-mediated therapy 8.5.6 Synergistic therapy 8.5.7 Radiodynamic
therapy 8.6 Conclusion References 9. Metallic nanoparticles-based drug
delivery for pancreatic cancer Sara Natalia Moya Betancourt, Jorge Gustavo
Uranga, Viviana Beatriz Daboin, Paula Gabriela Bercoff and Julieta Soledad
Riva 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Gold nanoparticles 9.3 Silver nanoparticles 9.4
Iron oxide nanoparticles 9.5 Other metallic nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, CuO,
ZnO, TiO2) 9.6 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles 9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References 10. Empowering treatment
strategies for pancreatic cancer by employing lipid nanoparticle-driven
drug delivery Sumit Sheoran, Swati Arora, Aayushi Velingkar, Smita C. Pawar
and Sugunakar Vuree 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Symptoms and risk factors of
pancreatic cancer 10.2.1 The stages of pancreatic cancer? 10.3 Lipid
nanoparticles 10.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles 10.5 Limitations of solid
lipid nanoparticles and way to overcome 10.6 High pressure-induced drug
degradation 10.7 Lipid crystallization and drug incorporation 10.8 Several
colloidal species coexist 10.9 Nanostructured carriers of lipid (solid
lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers) 10.9.1 Solid lipid
nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery 10.9.2
Solid lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for anticancer agents 10.9.3
Routes of delivering 10.10 Applications of solid lipid nanoparticles in
pancreatic cancer 10.11 Conclusion References 11. Solid lipid
nanoparticle-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Dipanjan Ghosh,
Gouranga Dutta, Arindam Chatterjee, Abimanyu Sugumaran, Gopal Chakrabarti
and Sivakumar Manickam 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Lipid classifications for
solidlipid nanoparticle synthesis 11.3 Preparations techniques of solid
lipid-based nanoparticles 11.3.1 High-pressure homogenization 11.3.2
Ultrasonication 11.3.3 Coacervation 11.3.4 Solvent emulsification
evaporation 11.3.5 Microemulsions 11.4 Role of pancreatic lipase and lipid
nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer therapy 11.5 Enhancing cancer therapeutic
efficacy with lipid-based nanoparticles 11.5.1 Gemcitabine 11.5.2
Paclitaxel 11.5.3 Irinotecan 11.5.4 Capecitabine 11.5.5 5-fluorouracil
11.5.6 RNA-based delivery system 11.6 Future aspects References 12.
Dendrimers and carbon nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Mehmethan Yildirim, Durmus Burak Demirkaya and Serap Yalcin 12.1 A brief
overview of pancreatic cancer 12.2 Drug delivery for cancer therapy 12.3
Carbon nanotubes 12.4 Dendrimers 12.4.1 Poly-L-lysine-based dendrimers
12.4.2 Polyamidoamine dendrimers 12.4.3 Polypropylene imine dendrimers
12.4.4 Frechet-type dendrimers 12.4.5 Core-shell tecto dendrimer 12.4.6
Chiral dendrimers 12.4.7 Liquid crystal dendrimers 12.4.8 Peptide
dendrimers 12.4.9 Polyester dendrimers 12.5 Dendrimers and carbon
nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer 12.6 Conclusion
References Further reading Part C Recent advances and future prospective
for pancreatic cancer 13. Personalized medicine and new therapeutic
approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer Hanieh Azari, Ghazaleh
Khalili-Tanha, Elham Nazari, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Gordon A.
Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Pancreatic
cancer: common treatment 13.2 Could personalized medicine transform
healthcare? 13.2.1 What is personalized medicine? 13.2.2 Precision or
personalized medicine: what's the difference? 13.2.3 Advantages of
personalized medicine 13.3 The role of personalized medicine in pancreatic
cancer 13.4 Recent progress in personalized medicine for pancreatic cancer
therapy 13.5 The molecular landscape of pancreatic cancer 13.6 Genomic
subgroups 13.7 Transcriptomic subgroup 13.8 Predictive markers of
pancreatic cancer for personalized therapy 13.9 Examples of precision
medicine in pancreatic cancer 13.9.1 Patient derived xenograft 13.9.2
Patient's derived organoid 13.10 The advantages of microfluidic devices
13.11 General scheme of producing a pancreatic organoid 13.12 Some
applications of pancreatic organoids 13.12.1 RNA-based therapeutic tool for
personalized PDAC treatment 13.12.2 Radiomics and deep learning in
personalized medicine 13.13 The quantitative imaging methods for pancreatic
cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction 13.14 Challenges and
innovations in personalized medicine care 13.15 Challenges in the treatment
of pancreatic cancer 13.16 The challenges from an oncologist's perspective
13.17 Opportunities for personalized therapy in the near future 13.18
Conclusion Declarations of interest References 14. Clinical practice
guidelines for interventional treatment of pancreatic cancer Ghazaleh
Pourali, Ghazaleh Donyadideh, Shima Mehrabadi, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi
Hassanian, Gordon A. Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 14.1 The definition
of pancreatic cancer and its classification in clinic 14.2 Incidence and
epidemiology and risk factors 14.2.1 Modifiable risk factors 14.2.2
Nonmodifiable risk factors 14.3 Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer
14.4 Nonsurgical therapies 14.4.1 Chemotherapy 14.4.2 Chemoradiotherapy
14.4.3 Radiotherapy 14.4.4 Ablative techniques 14.5 Treatment in metastatic
patient 14.5.1 First-line chemotherapy 14.5.2 Second-line chemotherapy
14.5.3 Side effects and future perspective Grant Conflict of interest
References 15. Aptamer-mediated nano-therapy for pancreatic cancer Seyyed
Mobin Rahimnia, Sadegh Dehghani, Majid Saeedi, Amin Shad and Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanotechnology as a novel cancer
therapeutic strategy 15.3 Aptamers as an advance targeted strategy in
cancer diagnosis and treatment 15.4 Aptamer design approaches 15.5 Methods
for coupling aptamers to nanoparticles 15.6 Tumor markers for pancreatic
cancer 15.7 Aptamers against pancreatic cancer 15.8 Aptamers in clinical
trials for pancreatic cancer 15.9 Aptamer-functionalized nanocarriers
against pancreatic cancer 15.9.1 Aptamer-functionalized calcium
phosphosilicate nanoparticles 15.9.2 Aptamer-functionalized gold
nanoparticles 15.9.3 Aptamer-functionalized lipid nanoparticles 15.9.4
Aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for treatment of pancreatic
cancer 15.9.5 Aptamer-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles 15.9.6
Aptamer-functionalized albumin nanoparticles 15.10 Conclusion Conflict of
interest References 16. Photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati, Atena Mansouri, Peyman Asadi, Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari and
Mohsen Chamanara 16.1 Pancreatic cancer 16.2 Principles of photodynamic
therapy 16.3 Elements of photodynamic therapy 16.3.1 Photosensitizers
agents in photodynamic therapy 16.3.2 Light (600800 nm) 16.3.3 Oxygen 16.4
Nanoparticles mediated photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer 16.5
Combination of photodynamic therapy with other therapies in pancreatic
cancer treatment 16.5.1 Combination of photodynamic therapy with radiation
therapy 16.5.2 Combination of photodynamic therapy with immunotherapy
16.5.3 Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy 16.5.4
Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy
16.5.5 Combination of photodynamic therapy with sonodynamic therapy 16.5.6
Combination of photodynamic therapy with photothermal therapy 16.6 Summary
and outlook Declaration of competing interest References 17. Future
prospect of nano-based drug delivery approaches against pancreatic cancer
and expected pitfalls of the technology K.R. Manu, Gurleen Kaur, Ananya
Kar, Lopamudra Giri, Waleed H. Almalki, Neelima Gupta, Amirhossein
Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani and Rambabu Dandela 17.1 Introduction 17.2
Conventional therapy for pancreatic cancer 17.2.1 Surgery 17.2.2
Chemotherapy 17.2.3 Radiation therapy 17.2.4 Targeted therapy 17.3 The
prospects of nanotechnology in pancreatic cancer treatment 17.4
Applications of various types of nano-based drug delivery systems for
pancreatic cancer therapy 17.4.1 Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems
17.4.2 Nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems 17.4.3 Liposome- and
niosome-based drug delivery systems 17.4.4 Polymeric nanoparticlebased drug
delivery systems 17.4.5 Micelle-based drug delivery systems 17.4.6 Metallic
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.7 Solid lipid
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.8 Quantum dotbased drug
delivery systems 17.4.9 Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems 17.4.10
Carbon nanotubebased drug delivery systems 17.5 Challenges of nano-based
drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer therapy 17.6 Conclusion and
future perspective Acknowledgments Reference Index
cancer 1. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of
pancreatic cancer Farzad Rahmani and Amir Avan 1.1 Pancreas anatomy 1.2
Pancreas physiology 1.2.1 Endocrine pancreas 1.2.2 Exocrine pancreas 1.3
Pancreas cancer pathology 1.3.1 Pathology of the exocrine neoplasms of the
pancreas 1.3.2 Pathology of the endocrine neoplasms of pancreas 1.4
Conclusion References 2. Different combination therapies pertaining to
pancreatic cancer Zahra Salmasi, Parisa Saberi-Hasanabadi, Hamidreza
Mohammadi and Rezvan Yazdian-Robati 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Carrier-free
combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.3
Nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment
2.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 2.3.2 Nonmetallic nanoparticles
2.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticle 2.4
Combination treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells and oncolytic
viruses 2.5 Compounds of natural origin and combination therapy in
pancreatic cancer treatment 2.5.1 The role of bioactive compounds of
natural origin based on nano-formulation in inhibiting the proliferation of
pancreatic cancer cells 2.6 Conclusions and perspectives References Part B
Application of various nanocarriers for the management of pancreatic cancer
3. Potential application of nanotechnology in the treatment and overcoming
of pancreatic cancer resistance Shwetapadma Dash, Sonali Sahoo and Sanjeeb
Kumar Sahoo 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current therapeutics for pancreatic cancer
3.2.1 Conventional therapies 3.2.2 Targeted therapies 3.3 Drug resistance
as a pitfall 3.3.1 Role of drug uptake and drug metabolism pathways 3.3.2
Role of key signaling networks 3.3.3 Tumor microenvironment 3.3.4 Cancer
stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition as regulators 3.3.5
Other miscellaneous pathways and factors 3.4 Nanotechnology as a
therapeutic window 3.4.1 Nanotherapeutic strategies using chemotherapeutic
drugs 3.4.2 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting drug resistance
3.4.3 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting tumor
microenvironment 3.4.4 Pro- and antiapoptotic genes: evasion and
overexpression 3.4.5 Nanotherapeutic strategies for targeting cancer stem
cells 3.4.6 Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for RNA interference
inhibitors 3.4.7 Nanomaterials for early detection and advancing pancreatic
cancer imaging for pancreatic cancer 3.5 Conclusion References 4.
Application of hydrogel-based drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer
Naomi Sanjana Sharath, Ranjita Misra and Jyotirmoy Ghosh 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pancreatic cancer 4.3 Physiology 4.3.1 Treatment 4.4 Limitations 4.5
Hydrogels 4.6 Types of polymers used in hydrogels 4.6.1 Natural polymers
4.6.2 Synthetic polymers 4.7 Preparation of hydrogels 4.7.1 Bulk
polymerization 4.7.2 Solution polymerization 4.7.3 Optical polymerization
4.7.4 Enzymatic polymerization 4.8 Types of some common hydrogels 4.8.1
Injectable hydrogels 4.8.2 Temperature-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.3
pH-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.4 Photosensitive hydrogels 4.8.5
Electrosensitive hydrogels 4.9 Applications of hydrogels against pancreatic
cancer 4.10 Diagnosis 4.10.1 Therapy 4.10.2 Organoid development for cancer
treatment 4.11 Conclusion and future outlook References 5. Liposome- and
noisome-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Rezvan Yazdian-Robati,
Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Faranak Mavandadnejad, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Shervin
Amirkhanloo and Amin Shad Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Liposome-based
drug delivery 5.2.1 Components and structure of liposome 5.3 Liposomal drug
delivery platforms for pancreatic cancer 5.3.1 Liposome-drugs to treat
pancreatic cancer 5.3.2 Liposome-naturally derived bioactive compounds to
treat pancreatic cancer 5.3.3 Liposomal delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat PC
5.4 Targeted nanoliposomes for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.4.1
Transporter-targeted liposome for pancreatic cancer therapy 5.4.2
Antibody-decorated liposomes for pancreatic cancer 5.4.3 Peptide-decorated
liposome 5.4.4 Carbohydrate-decorated liposomes 5.5 Stimuli-responsive
liposomal nano-formulations for pancreatic cancer 5.5.1 pH-sensitive
liposomes 5.5.2 Magnetic sensitive and ultrasound liposomes 5.5.3
Thermo-sensitive liposomes 5.6 Clinical studies of liposomal formulation
for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.7 Noisome-based drug delivery 5.7.1
Structure and components of niosomes 5.7.2 Noisome drug delivery for
pancreatic cancer treatment 5.8 Conclusion Declaration of competing
interest References 6. Micelles-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Sanjay Ch, Tarun Kumar Patel, Swati Biswas and Balaram Ghosh 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Micellar uptake mechanism 6.2.1 Endocytosis 6.2.2
Phagocytosis 6.2.3 Pinocytosis 6.2.4 Macropinocytosis 6.3 Polymeric
micelles and their types 6.3.1 Conventional polymeric micelles 6.3.2
Polymeric micelles based on functionalities 6.4 Pancreatic cancertargeting
sites for micelles 6.4.1 Epidermal growth factor 6.4.2 Transferrin 6.4.3
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor 6.4.4 Fucosylated antigen 6.4.5
Integrins 6.5 Small interfering RNA-loaded micelles for pancreatic cancer
therapy 6.6 Polymeric micelles in clinical studies for pancreatic cancer
6.7 Conclusion References 7. Theranostic nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer
Sania Ghobadi Alamdari, Reza Mohammadzadeh, Behzad Baradaran, Mohammad
Amini, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh and Fatemeh Oroojalian 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metal
nanoparticles 7.2.1 Gold nanoparticles 7.2.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles 7.2.3
Silica nanoparticles 7.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles 7.3 Polymeric
nanoparticles 7.3.1 Natural polymer nanoparticles 7.3.2 Synthetic polymer
nanoparticles 7.4 Carbon nanoparticles 7.5 Conclusion References 8. Recent
advances in nanocarriers for pancreatic cancer therapy Shalini Preethi P.,
Sindhu V., Karthik Sambath, Arun Reddy Ravula, Geetha Palani, Sivakumar
Vijayaraghavalu, Shanmuga Sundari I. and Venkatesan Perumal 8.1
Introduction 8.1.1 Cancer 8.1.2 Pancreatic cancer 8.1.3 Types of pancreatic
cancer 8.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.1 Passive targeting 8.2.2 Active
targeting 8.2.3 Responsive polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.4 pH-responsive
polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.5 Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles 8.2.6
Characterization of polymeric nanoparticles 8.3 Diagnosis 8.3.1 Risk
factors 8.3.2 Detection of protein-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.3
Detection of nucleic-based biomarkers in blood 8.3.4 Imaging techniques
8.3.5 Electrochemical detection 8.4 Surgical management 8.4.1 Preoperative
biliary drainage 8.4.2 Anastomotic technique 8.4.3 Minimally invasive
surgery 8.4.4 Vascular resection 8.5 Medical management 8.5.1 Chemotherapy
8.5.2 Immunotherapy 8.5.3 Radiotherapy 8.5.4 Targeted therapy 8.5.5
Antibody-mediated therapy 8.5.6 Synergistic therapy 8.5.7 Radiodynamic
therapy 8.6 Conclusion References 9. Metallic nanoparticles-based drug
delivery for pancreatic cancer Sara Natalia Moya Betancourt, Jorge Gustavo
Uranga, Viviana Beatriz Daboin, Paula Gabriela Bercoff and Julieta Soledad
Riva 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Gold nanoparticles 9.3 Silver nanoparticles 9.4
Iron oxide nanoparticles 9.5 Other metallic nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, CuO,
ZnO, TiO2) 9.6 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles 9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References 10. Empowering treatment
strategies for pancreatic cancer by employing lipid nanoparticle-driven
drug delivery Sumit Sheoran, Swati Arora, Aayushi Velingkar, Smita C. Pawar
and Sugunakar Vuree 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Symptoms and risk factors of
pancreatic cancer 10.2.1 The stages of pancreatic cancer? 10.3 Lipid
nanoparticles 10.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles 10.5 Limitations of solid
lipid nanoparticles and way to overcome 10.6 High pressure-induced drug
degradation 10.7 Lipid crystallization and drug incorporation 10.8 Several
colloidal species coexist 10.9 Nanostructured carriers of lipid (solid
lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers) 10.9.1 Solid lipid
nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery 10.9.2
Solid lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for anticancer agents 10.9.3
Routes of delivering 10.10 Applications of solid lipid nanoparticles in
pancreatic cancer 10.11 Conclusion References 11. Solid lipid
nanoparticle-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Dipanjan Ghosh,
Gouranga Dutta, Arindam Chatterjee, Abimanyu Sugumaran, Gopal Chakrabarti
and Sivakumar Manickam 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Lipid classifications for
solidlipid nanoparticle synthesis 11.3 Preparations techniques of solid
lipid-based nanoparticles 11.3.1 High-pressure homogenization 11.3.2
Ultrasonication 11.3.3 Coacervation 11.3.4 Solvent emulsification
evaporation 11.3.5 Microemulsions 11.4 Role of pancreatic lipase and lipid
nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer therapy 11.5 Enhancing cancer therapeutic
efficacy with lipid-based nanoparticles 11.5.1 Gemcitabine 11.5.2
Paclitaxel 11.5.3 Irinotecan 11.5.4 Capecitabine 11.5.5 5-fluorouracil
11.5.6 RNA-based delivery system 11.6 Future aspects References 12.
Dendrimers and carbon nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
Mehmethan Yildirim, Durmus Burak Demirkaya and Serap Yalcin 12.1 A brief
overview of pancreatic cancer 12.2 Drug delivery for cancer therapy 12.3
Carbon nanotubes 12.4 Dendrimers 12.4.1 Poly-L-lysine-based dendrimers
12.4.2 Polyamidoamine dendrimers 12.4.3 Polypropylene imine dendrimers
12.4.4 Frechet-type dendrimers 12.4.5 Core-shell tecto dendrimer 12.4.6
Chiral dendrimers 12.4.7 Liquid crystal dendrimers 12.4.8 Peptide
dendrimers 12.4.9 Polyester dendrimers 12.5 Dendrimers and carbon
nanotubes-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer 12.6 Conclusion
References Further reading Part C Recent advances and future prospective
for pancreatic cancer 13. Personalized medicine and new therapeutic
approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer Hanieh Azari, Ghazaleh
Khalili-Tanha, Elham Nazari, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Gordon A.
Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Pancreatic
cancer: common treatment 13.2 Could personalized medicine transform
healthcare? 13.2.1 What is personalized medicine? 13.2.2 Precision or
personalized medicine: what's the difference? 13.2.3 Advantages of
personalized medicine 13.3 The role of personalized medicine in pancreatic
cancer 13.4 Recent progress in personalized medicine for pancreatic cancer
therapy 13.5 The molecular landscape of pancreatic cancer 13.6 Genomic
subgroups 13.7 Transcriptomic subgroup 13.8 Predictive markers of
pancreatic cancer for personalized therapy 13.9 Examples of precision
medicine in pancreatic cancer 13.9.1 Patient derived xenograft 13.9.2
Patient's derived organoid 13.10 The advantages of microfluidic devices
13.11 General scheme of producing a pancreatic organoid 13.12 Some
applications of pancreatic organoids 13.12.1 RNA-based therapeutic tool for
personalized PDAC treatment 13.12.2 Radiomics and deep learning in
personalized medicine 13.13 The quantitative imaging methods for pancreatic
cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction 13.14 Challenges and
innovations in personalized medicine care 13.15 Challenges in the treatment
of pancreatic cancer 13.16 The challenges from an oncologist's perspective
13.17 Opportunities for personalized therapy in the near future 13.18
Conclusion Declarations of interest References 14. Clinical practice
guidelines for interventional treatment of pancreatic cancer Ghazaleh
Pourali, Ghazaleh Donyadideh, Shima Mehrabadi, Mina Maftooh, Seyed Mahdi
Hassanian, Gordon A. Ferns, Majid Khazaei and Amir Avan 14.1 The definition
of pancreatic cancer and its classification in clinic 14.2 Incidence and
epidemiology and risk factors 14.2.1 Modifiable risk factors 14.2.2
Nonmodifiable risk factors 14.3 Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer
14.4 Nonsurgical therapies 14.4.1 Chemotherapy 14.4.2 Chemoradiotherapy
14.4.3 Radiotherapy 14.4.4 Ablative techniques 14.5 Treatment in metastatic
patient 14.5.1 First-line chemotherapy 14.5.2 Second-line chemotherapy
14.5.3 Side effects and future perspective Grant Conflict of interest
References 15. Aptamer-mediated nano-therapy for pancreatic cancer Seyyed
Mobin Rahimnia, Sadegh Dehghani, Majid Saeedi, Amin Shad and Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanotechnology as a novel cancer
therapeutic strategy 15.3 Aptamers as an advance targeted strategy in
cancer diagnosis and treatment 15.4 Aptamer design approaches 15.5 Methods
for coupling aptamers to nanoparticles 15.6 Tumor markers for pancreatic
cancer 15.7 Aptamers against pancreatic cancer 15.8 Aptamers in clinical
trials for pancreatic cancer 15.9 Aptamer-functionalized nanocarriers
against pancreatic cancer 15.9.1 Aptamer-functionalized calcium
phosphosilicate nanoparticles 15.9.2 Aptamer-functionalized gold
nanoparticles 15.9.3 Aptamer-functionalized lipid nanoparticles 15.9.4
Aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for treatment of pancreatic
cancer 15.9.5 Aptamer-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles 15.9.6
Aptamer-functionalized albumin nanoparticles 15.10 Conclusion Conflict of
interest References 16. Photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer Rezvan
Yazdian-Robati, Atena Mansouri, Peyman Asadi, Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari and
Mohsen Chamanara 16.1 Pancreatic cancer 16.2 Principles of photodynamic
therapy 16.3 Elements of photodynamic therapy 16.3.1 Photosensitizers
agents in photodynamic therapy 16.3.2 Light (600800 nm) 16.3.3 Oxygen 16.4
Nanoparticles mediated photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer 16.5
Combination of photodynamic therapy with other therapies in pancreatic
cancer treatment 16.5.1 Combination of photodynamic therapy with radiation
therapy 16.5.2 Combination of photodynamic therapy with immunotherapy
16.5.3 Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy 16.5.4
Combination of photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy
16.5.5 Combination of photodynamic therapy with sonodynamic therapy 16.5.6
Combination of photodynamic therapy with photothermal therapy 16.6 Summary
and outlook Declaration of competing interest References 17. Future
prospect of nano-based drug delivery approaches against pancreatic cancer
and expected pitfalls of the technology K.R. Manu, Gurleen Kaur, Ananya
Kar, Lopamudra Giri, Waleed H. Almalki, Neelima Gupta, Amirhossein
Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani and Rambabu Dandela 17.1 Introduction 17.2
Conventional therapy for pancreatic cancer 17.2.1 Surgery 17.2.2
Chemotherapy 17.2.3 Radiation therapy 17.2.4 Targeted therapy 17.3 The
prospects of nanotechnology in pancreatic cancer treatment 17.4
Applications of various types of nano-based drug delivery systems for
pancreatic cancer therapy 17.4.1 Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems
17.4.2 Nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems 17.4.3 Liposome- and
niosome-based drug delivery systems 17.4.4 Polymeric nanoparticlebased drug
delivery systems 17.4.5 Micelle-based drug delivery systems 17.4.6 Metallic
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.7 Solid lipid
nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems 17.4.8 Quantum dotbased drug
delivery systems 17.4.9 Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems 17.4.10
Carbon nanotubebased drug delivery systems 17.5 Challenges of nano-based
drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer therapy 17.6 Conclusion and
future perspective Acknowledgments Reference Index